Analysis Of Collocations, Phraseology And Idioms

Analysis Of Collocations, Phraseology And IdiomsIn our life we very much meet situations when people use idioms and collocations. We layabout collar when whatsoeverbody says nigh matter is dead sure or I nonplus to decl ar a tight rein on Tom. Young people often think what does it mean? or How can we generate it?. People admit huge problems in the translation of phrasing. Grammar problem is common, because thither argon slightly(prenominal) constructions of grammar poorly understood. Very often it is non clear how they should be represented, or what rules should be use to describe them.I would like to denote that in slope wholeness linguistic form can be used to encode of essence while in round out form and message commonly ar conditioned by each an otherwise(prenominal). English speakers ordinarily choose lexemes very broad in meaning to encode a message. Idioms, collocations and phraseology very often ar used in line of merc egestise row, for example to launch a campaign.We should know staple fibre collocations, phraseology and idioms if we motivation to understand foreign vocabularys. It can really protagonist. On the other hand it is very beta to study the relation between English and Polish phraseology and their culture.In the first p fine art, I result present typological classification of bilingualistist dictionaries, theory of bilingual lexicography, function of bilingual dictionaries, target chemical separate or users, translation problems between Polish and English language, phraseology, expression, vallency collocation, gentle collocation- basic terms, types of collocations.The second part contains a precise description of the lexicon include in my perish.The third part has the character of vocabulary and consists of a systemized conjure up of collocations with their English equivalents.Typological classification of bilingual dictionariesA bilingual lexicon or translation vocabulary is a specialised ment al lexicon used to translate voice communication or phrases from one language to a nonher. multilingual dictionaries can be unidirectional, meaning that they list the meanings of banters of one language in a nonher, or can be bidirectional, allowing translation to and from both languages.(Al-Kasimi 1983 10) Bidirectional bilingual dictionaries usually consist of two sections, each listing words and phrases of one language alphabetically along with their translation. In addition to the translation, a bilingual dictionary usually indicates the part of speech, gender, verb type, declension model and other grammatical clues to do a non-native speaker use the word. ( Hartman 1998 25)Dictionaries can be classified into various types of the basic of varied criteria. To begin with we have to differentiate between dictionary proper and dictionary like works. Zgusta (1971) calls these linguistic and non-linguistic dictionaries respectively. The linguistic dictionaries are touch on with the words or lexical units of languages and they are called word books. The non-linguistic dictionaries are non bear on with words but with realia or denotata (thing)) they are called encyclopedias, or thing books. They are similar to dictionaries only in their alphabetical arrangement of words denoting the realia. Anyhow the aspects of the realia which are called encyclopaedic features such(prenominal) as description, photos, diagrams and so forth, are given in certain types of dictionaries to add to the utility of the dictionary.Classification of linguistic dictionaries has been move by a number of scholars such as Shcherba (1940), Sebok (1962), Malkiel (1959) Cornym (1967), Zgusta (1971), Svensen (1993). (Devapala 2004 2)bilingual dictionaries have become a necessary part of our daily economic, intellectual, and cultural activities. A new system of classifying bilingual dictionaries, help language teachers to select the most appropriate dictionaries for their students. In 1 934 Mansion noted that bilingual dictionaries are not scientific in their treatment of words, and have not kept railway yard with progress in philology.(Al-Kasimi 1983 85) on that point are many kinds of dictionaries such as glossary, concordance, vocabulary, word book, index, linguistic atlas, encyclopaedic dictionary.The classification of bilingual dictionaries (Al-Kasimi 198312-13)Dictionaries for the speakers of the ejaculate language vs. dictionaries for the speakers of the target languageDictionaries for production vs. dictionaries for comprehensionDictionaries of the literary language vs. dictionaries of the speak languageDictionaries for the human user vs. dictionaries for machine translationHistorical dictionaries vv. descriptive dictionariesLexical dictionaries vs. encyclopaedic dictionariesGenaral dictionaries vs. special dictionariesThe classification of bilingual dictionaries that are feature with machine translators on the dustup Grid. The dictionaries on the Lan guage Grid can be classified into the following three types (Wawrzyczyk 1996 8)Global Dictionaries This type of dictionary is a Web service that leaves the standard interface of a bilingual dictionary. Further, such types of dictionaries are registered on the Language Grid. In addition, Global dictionaries are large-sized bilingual dictionaries either specialized for certain domain or common purpose and are shared between the Language Grid Users (e.g., Online lexicon of Academic Terms)Local Dictionaries These are similarly Web run with a standard interface however they are not registered on the Language Grid. These are large-sized dictionaries specialized for a certain user and are not open to the other Language Grid users. (e.g A vocabulary for NPO Pangaca) temporal role Dictionaries These dictionaries unlike the other two types, are not Web services and are only accessiblefrom a users application system. These are typically small-sized dictionaries specialized for a certain user and are not open to the other Language Grid users (e.g. Users dictionary for Language Grid Playground) (Al-Kasimi 1983 28). A bilingual dictionary can combine a number of the defining features of these contrasts in accordance with the purpose it is intended to serve.1.2 Theory of bilingual lexicographyThis part is concerned with selected problems in bilingual lexicography.Lexicography is divided into two related theatersPractical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries. (Fontenelle 2008 45)Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the entropy in dictionaries, the ask for information by users in specific types of situation, and how users may best access the data incorporated in printed and electronic dictionaries. (Wawrzyczyk 1 996 36) This is sometimes referred to as metalexicography. General lexicography focuses on the design, compiling, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use. Such a dictionary is usually called a general dictionary or LGP dictionary.(Hill 2002 9) Bilingual lexicography is occasionally given an important place in lexicography. Most lexicographic literature is focused on monolingual dictionaries, and most often monolingual lexicography is considered to be the proper one. (Wawrzyczyk 1996 42)Practical lexicographic work involves some(prenominal) activities, and the compilation of really crafted dictionaries require careful consideration of all or some of the following aspectsProfiling the intended users (i.e. linguistic and non-linguistic competences) and identifying their needs,Defining the communicative and cognitive functions of the dictionary,Selecting and organizing the components of the dictionary,Cho osing the appropriate structures for presenting the data in the dictionary (i.e. frame structure, distribution structure, macro-structure, micro-structure and cross-reference structure),Selecting words and affixes for systematization as entries,Selecting collocations, phrases and examples,Choosing lemma forms for each word or part of word to be lemmatized,Defining words,Organizing definitions,Specifying pronunciations of words,Labeling definitions and pronunciations for register and dialect, where appropriate. (Hartman 199829)One important consideration is the status of bilingual lexicography, or the compilation and use of the bilingual dictionary in all its aspects. In spite of a relatively long history of this dictionary type, it is often said to be little developed in a number of respects than its monolingual counterpart, oddly in cases where one of the languages involved is not a major language.(Wawrzyczyk 1996 45) not all genres of reference works are available in interling ual versions, e.g. LSP, learners and encyclopaedic types, although sometimes these challenges reveal new subtypes, e.g. semi-bilingual or bilingualised dictionaries like Hornbys (Oxford) Advanced Learners mental lexicon English-Chinese, which have been developed by translating existing monolingual dictionaries.1.3 Functions of bilingual dictionariesBilingual dictionaries have many functions. They are used for many tasks and by different stems of users learners, translators, scholars. Bilingual dictionaries are used in order to aquire some knowledge about one or both of the languages, knowledge which is necessary above all for communication.Students need a respectable bilingual dictionary to help in their reading of simplified materials in the foreign language. A intimately bilingual dictionary is an indispensable tool for the student in the modal(a) stage of foreign language learning.Some scholars argue that bilingual dictionaries are very inadequate and un pictorial because they present words out of their natural elements-context, they put together items which intemperatelyly ever follow in the equal communicative situation.According to A. Hill (2006) the ideal dictionaries are still and will always be, essential not only in a dictionary prepared for pedagogical purposes, but in only other dictionary as well. These five types of information are the phonemic structure of word, in morphemic structure the grammatical modification is undergoes, its syntactic habits, and its meanings. (Hill 2006 20) A good dictionary should be different for foreigner students of the language and for the native speakers. (Al-Kasimi 1983 55)1.4 aim groups or usersUsers belong to different groups such as children, students, teachers, scientists, trainees, technicians etc.Hartman (1195) classifies the needs of the users into two types (Hill 200656)Information It is one of the factors for the users seek to help of a dictionary to check spellings, meaning, synonyms, pronunci ation, etymology.Operations That is, when the user performs tasks as reading, writing and translating.He refers to the dictionary to arise words and meanings. From the point of view of types of users and their two types of needs, dictionaries fall into different categories such as dictionaries for children, students, translators, learners, scholars, creatives writes.Categorisation of the dictionaries from the point of view of user, influences the articulation of the work in the collection of material, selection of entries, choice of defining words while constructing the entries etc.Therefore, this is an important factor in dictionary making and the compiler has to distinctly decide on the type of the users and their needs.1.5 Translation problemsThere are some particular problems in the translation process problems of ambiguity, problems that originate from structural and lexical differences between languages and multiword units like idioms and collocations. Another problem would be the grammar because there are several constructions of grammar poorly understood, in the sense that it isnt clear how they should be represented, or what rules should be used to describe them. (Schmalstieg 1969 20) The words that are really hard to translate are frequently the small common words, whose precise meaning depends heavily on context. Besides, some words are untranslatable when one wishes to remain in the same grammatical category.Language problems (Schmalstieg 196945)Idioms terms and neologism, undecided acronyms and abbreviations,Proper names of people, organizations, and places,Slang difficult to understand,Respect to punctuation conventions.English speakers usually choose lexemes very broad in meaning to encode a message. In contrast, very broad lexemes do not occur in Polish frequently, i.e.Polish EnglishSzy sukienk make (sew) a fancy up1.6 Phraseology and collocations-basic termsPhraseology appeared in the domain of lexicology and undergoes the process of segreg ating as a separate branch of linguistics. The reason is clear lexicology deals with words and their meanings, whereas phraseology studies such collocations of words (phraseologisms, phraseological units, idioms), where the meaning of the whole collocation is different from the truthful sum of literal meanings of the words, comprising a phraseological unit. (Altenberg 199817) Phraseological units are (according to Prof. Kunin A.V. 1970) stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings (to kick the bucket, Greek gift, drink till alls blue, drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a turn owl), as mad as a hatter (as a jar against hare)). (Altenberg 1998 25) A phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or step up function in a text. (Cowie 2001 10)A collocation is two or more words that of ten go together. These combinations just sound veracious to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound wrong. Look at these examplesNatural English Unnatural Englisha quick exhibitor a fast shower1.7 Types of CollocationThere are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjectival etc.We can detach petrified collocations, vallency collocations and loose collocations.Petrified collocations function in the utterance as single words. They faculty be replaced by a single word equivalent or by equivalent collocation to fulfil a semantic function. (M.K 2008, 9) valency collocatons have a considerable degree of cohesion but their components did not submit to lexicalization.Valency characteristic are for examplePolish EnglishWysun danie put forward a claim(da) (claim)Loose collocations are formulated only by the concrete necessity of what the speaker intends to say. There are various possibilities for combinating single words to create a loose collocation.(J.B 1993, 19)A phrase in grammar, a phrase is a group of words functioning as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.For example, the house at the end of the avenue is a phrase. It acts like a noun. It can further be broken kill into two shorter phrases functioning as adjectives at the end and of the street, a shorter prepositional phrase within the longer prepositional phrase. At the end of the street could be replaced by an adjective such as nearby the nearby house or even the house nearby. The end of the street could also be replaced by another noun, such as the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.Most phrases have a central word defining the type of phrase. This word is called the passing of the phrase. Some phrases, however, can be honcholess. For example, the rich is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and an adjective without a noun.1.8 Types of phrasesPhrases may b e classified by the type of headword taken by themPrepositional phrase (PP) with a preposition as head (e.g. in love, over the rainbow). Languages using postpositions instead have postpositional phrases. The two types are sometimes commonly referred to as adpositional phrases(J.B 1993 14).Noun phrase (NP) with a noun as head (e.g. the black cat, a cat on the mat)Verb phrase (VP) with a verb as head (e.g. eat cheese, jump up and down)Adjectival phrase (AP) with an adjective as head (e.g. full of toys, fraught with guilt)Adverbial phrase (AdvP) with an adverb as head (e.g. very carefully)2. POLISH ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL mental lexicon2.1 THE AIM OF THE DICTIONARYA phraseological dictionary is a special type of dictionary in which all entries function as collocation. Collocation is the way in which some words are often used together or a particular combination of words used in this way.(M.K, 2008, 5)The aim of Polish-English Phraseological Dictionary is to provide a broad range of ph raseological vocabulary and give advocate on words which can be used with a headword. The source of Polish collocations is primarily Phraseological Dictionary of Polish Language by Skorupka ( S.S 1985) and Phraseological Dictionary of Polish Language by Anna Ciesielska, Katarzyna Mosioek-Kosiska.(A.C 1990)In Polish phraseology there is a variety of expressions typical only of the Polish language. It is necessary to mention that not all English collocation given in my work reflect the exact meaning of the Polish ones.