Dawn of the (Evil & Symbolic) Dead Essay

Over the past decade, interest in zombies in pop culture has sky rocketed. There have been over 100 games and movies featuring the living dead. George Romero’s 1978 film Dawn of the Dead, sequel to Night of the Living Dead, gives its audience insight into these evil symbolic structures known today as zombies. In this film, there are four survivors that take refuge in a huge shopping mall, sealing the doors and creating a zombie-free hideout. This movie is often referred to as one the best horror films of its time and a door way to today’s interest in zombies. Throughout the film, the four survivors deal with hundreds of zombies and at the climax are also having to deal with a biker gang. Although not all four of these characters survived, the mall was a perfect spot for the movie to take place according to a review done by the Spinning Image Company. â€Å"The mall is a brilliant location, not just for the satirical possibilities it offers Romero, but also for creating some clever, unsettling imagery,† said Daniel Auty in his review. Auty is speaking of the several times throughout the film where Romero would cut to a scene of just zombies roaming random parts of the mall. These zombies were different than what we see today however. â€Å"[The zombies] look silly, they fall over a lot, and Romero mostly shoots them in either broad daylight or the stark fluorescence of the mall† (Auty). The zombies in Dawn of the Dead appeared from the first minute without Romero giving any sort of insight on how it happened. So in order to understand the body in its monstrous state, one must know the origins of the zombie. Many scholars agree that the term zombie originated from the voodoo religion in Haiti. In â€Å"Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies†, writer Elizabeth McCalister discusses these origins in great detail. â€Å"The word zonbi appears in writing as far back as colonial Saint- Domingue, glossed by travel writer Moreau de Saint-Mà ©ry as the slaves’ belief in a returned soul, a revenant†(3). The Haitians still heavily believe that this is a part of the spiritual world. They say that these entities separate the body and the soul and compel one to work without the other, in this case the body without the soul. Over the years, however, these origins have begun to vanish due to new forms of the zombies. In the early 20th Century, films began to show Eurocentric ideas that created African-Americans to be viewed as these zombie creatures. Films such as White Zombie (1932) and I walked with a Zombie (1943) â€Å"invariably cast black sorcerers plotting for conquest of and control over white women, and blackness is unmistakably linked with primitive menace, superstition, and the diabolical† (5). These views began to change by the time Romero’s films came out. Now this monstrous creature is as simple as â€Å"a ghoul who lumbers around trying to eat people.† Today’s society is used to seeing these ghouls in pop culture. Because of the more than 100 shows, movies and video games on the market now, people are more accepting of this idea of a â€Å"zombie apocalypse.† In many places, they have held events, such as 5K races and obstacle courses, that center around a zombie theme. In Muskegon, Michigan they held a zombie apocalypse day where civilians dressed as zombies and chased after those that were dressed as civilians. â€Å"Zombie participants got creative and tore up and stained their clothing. They also added scars and bloody makeup,† said an article in the Muskegon Chronicle. This goes to show how immune today’s society has become to the idea of these flesh-eating monsters. Not everyone is taking it lightly though as some have plans set in stone for when the apocalypse may happen. The CDC, Center of Disease Control, has its own website dedicated to a zombie outbreak. The blog includes a brief history of the creatures, a list of survival tools for a kit and their own plan for survival if it would ever happen. â€Å"If zombies did start roaming the streets, CDC would conduct an investigation much like any other disease outbreak.† The CDC tells us that it would be taken just as seriously as any other disease, and thanks pop culture and today’s society in helping to prepare for that day. Christopher Moreman takes a look past the plan in his book Zombies Are Us: Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead. The author looks into a world that is already ruled by the dead and sees how society would have to live to survive. He speaks for society as a whole through one line by referencing the graphic novel The Walking Dead: â€Å"In a world ruled by the dead, we are forced to finally start living† (5). The creatures in Romero’s Dawn of the Dead may not be the scariest or deadliest of monsters, but it is when they are in large numbers that they can cause havoc. It is hard to deal with hundreds of flesh eating monsters at once no matter how fast or intelligent they may be. Much of the films’ audience saw Romero’s zombie as a symbolic structure of other things that could take down America. McCalister analyzes all of Romero’s films on the living dead and the time frame that they were made. â€Å"Night of the Living Dead attacks the nuclear American family, patriarchy, and racism; Dawn of the Dead fastens its attention on the deadening effects of rampant consumerism; and Day of the Dead offers an indictment of militarism and American misuse of science and technology† (17). These things were on the minds of Americans in the time the movies were made. Now they can be related to something different such as the events going on in the Middle East. Stephen Asma takes a look into the torturing of Iraqi soldiers and how the Americans may be the ones viewed as the evil creatures. In his book On Monsters, Asma references Dr. Philip Zimbardo and his theory called The Lucifer Effect. This idea helps to explain how good people can become evil in specific ways. He focuses on the torture of Iraqi soldiers. â€Å"The fact that seemingly normal American soldiers engaged in torture and degradation techniques on Iraqi detainees offers more evidence, Zimbardo thinks, for his view t hat abuse and aggression are not the results of inner character flaws† (Asma 413). He goes on to explain how Zimbardo believes these soldiers were not just a case of just one spoiled apple, but a bad barrel that spoiled anything put into it. In the case of the zombies, one can make the case that everyone on this planet will eventually fall to the disease and it is not because of the one zombie who started it all, but because everyone is infected to begin. These kinds of ideas are what bring the monstrous view of zombies into society. Kyle Bishop writes in his book American Zombie Gothic about how the use of the zombies in Dawn of the Dead creates a connection with the audience. He says that because the zombies look very similar to just another regular human being, it can make the audience feel terrified of the creatures. However, the way that the zombies act can tell the audience obvious differences between one that is still human and one that has turned. â€Å"Romero’s monsters are primarily ‘othered’ creatures, possessing virtually no subject ive, human qualities and encouraging almost no psychological suture with the audience† (Bishop 159). The comparison of zombies to human qualities can go on forever. Asma continues to analyze the psyche of the monstrous through the Id. â€Å"Rage is a powerful force that, along with other socially deleterious impulses, lives like a frustrated virus in the dark cellars of the Id† (354). The Id is the part of the personality that can make decisions unconsciously based off of desire and instinct. In the case of the zombies, all they want and need is food and in this case, the flesh of the protagonists. The zombies in Romero’s film were often times the ones being killed, whether it is a gunshot to the head, a bat to the head, a car hood to the head or a screwdriver through the ear. However, Romero kept scenes where humans were eaten by these creatures to give the audience a clear understanding of what to expect from the movie and who would be the good guys. In David Gilmore’s Monsters, the author discusses of ways on how to approach the monster. â€Å"Mythologistsâ € ¦ have written much about the theme of the Epic Hero who goes out to fight monsters in order to rescue maidens or to save society as a whole† (12). The monster is obvious in film but no Epic Hero is there to save the day. Taken this perspective into Dawn of the Dead, the audience can tell that it is society as a whole trying to fight the monsters to save the world from the dead. There are several ways to see why Romero’s Dawn of the Dead was up for awards. Much of it was not based off the effects and acting but what thought and background was put into the project. The study behind the zombies was thorough and began giving more meaning to the story. The symbolism of these creatures and how the good human being became an evil, flesh-seeking monster were just two of the things to write about. When all is said and done, the zombies may never come, but if they do, it is because of films like this that could help with survival. Works Cited Asma, Stephen T. On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Print. Auty, Daniel. â€Å"Dawn of the Dead.† Rev. of Dawn of the Dead. n.d.: n. pag. The Spinning Image. Web. Bishop, Kyle William. American Zombie Gothic: The Rise and Fall (and Rise) of the Walking Dead in Popular Culture. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &, 2010. Print. Gilmore, David D. Monsters: Evil Beings, Mythical Beasts, and All Manner of Imaginary Terrors. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2003. Print. â€Å"Haiti and the Truth about Zombies.† Www.umich.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. . McCalister, Elizabeth. â€Å"Slaves, Cannibals, and Infected Hyper-Whites: The Race and Religion of Zombies.† Anthropological Quarterly 85.2 (n.d.): 457-86. Web. â€Å"Public Health Matters Blog.† Public Health Matters Blog RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. .

JET2 Task 4. Findings on Competition Bikes, Inc. Essay

Costing Method The traditional costing method is a distribution of manufacturing overhead costs to the actual products manufactured. By using this method the factory’s indirect costs are assigned, on a scale of volume, to the items manufactured (Averkamp, 2013). This may include items such as the direct hours of labor or the number of bikes produced. This volume metric, however, is not the driving factor for manufacturing overhead expenses in fact this method is designed more for departmental focus. It can also be very inaccurate as there is little to no relations between the actual costs and the activity these costs are being signed to. This method often causes inaccuracies. It is in the company’s best interest to switch, as many companies are doing, to an activity-based costing system. Activity-based costing system will be used to identify the costs of Competition Bikes, Inc.’s activities and services based on actual consumption. This system consists of four steps in order to build its cost point. First, Competition Bikes, Inc. must recognize activities guesstimate their overall costs. Second, the cost driver must be estimated for each activity and done so on the basis of the overall quantity of the driver’s allotment. Third, Competition Bikes, Inc. must calculate how much of the costs should be distributed to each activity. Fourth, costs must be distributed to the cost object. Although this method is time consuming and costly the activity-based costing method will generally earn this money back plus some as it has a much more precise prognosis of the correct costs that are related with each activity. This system often generates more overheads into direct costs then compared to the traditional costing method. It is believed by switching from a traditional costing system to an activity-based costing system, Competition Bikes, Inc. will gain greater knowledge and be able to define the driving forces and costs of the products being manufactured. According to the overhead analysis, while using the traditional costing method the Titanium models costs $713 per unit and the CarbonLite models costs $1,359 per unit. Under the activity-based costing method Titanium models cost $656 per unit to produce and CarbonLite models cost $1,460 per unit. This shows us the difference in the two costing methods. Traditional costing method over-valued the costs of Titanium bikes and under-valued the costs of CarbonLite bikes, which is apparent when looking at the activity-based costing method. Again due to the way activity-based costing method breaks down the activities and allocates each one, this method is much more accurate than that of the traditional. Competition Bikes, Inc. can now analyze these costs and look for ways to improve operational results now that the costs have been broken down and allocated to different activities. Using the activity based costing method the CarbonLite models is at a much higher rate than that of the traditional costing method yet the Titanium models have the opposite affect as the total product costs are lower using the activity based costing system than that of traditional costing methods. Prices vary greatly between the two bike models, which were not seen before under the traditional costing method. The company should be able to now evaluate these costs and find ways in which they can lower them to get them more in line with one another. As stated above the activity-based costing method also allows Competition Bikes, Inc. to simply identify variations in product costs and pinpoint the variation directly to the source. This helps the company keep control of  the company’s costs and expenses. This assists in keeping profits relatively steadily. The current operations can also be improved by implementing a just-in-time inventory management system. This is where the company only buys the materials that it needs to produce the units that are actually sold. This cuts down on dollars that are tied-up in inventory held in raw materials inventory. This is a considerable amount for Competition Bikes, Inc. and will be lowered enormously as fewer materials are placed in raw materials. This will be billed in the same month in which they are produced creating fewer dollars to be tied up in inventory. This will then be converted to cash to be used as working capital. Breakeven Point According to Investopedia the breakeven point is the point at which gains equal losses. For Competition Bikes, Inc. achieving the breakeven point is a leap in the right direction. This will allow them to be one step closer to being a profitable business. Here we will analyze the sales units and the sales dollars of the Titanium and CarbonLite bike models in order to configure the breakeven point. In order to construct the breakeven point we must use the weight average contribution margin. This is calculated by dividing the combined contribution margin (sales price per unit subtracted by the variable cost per unit) by the total sales mix-in units. The contribution margin per unit is equal to $221 for the Titanium models and $111 for the CarbonLite models. Now we multiply these numbers by the total sales mix-in units to reach the contribution margin. The total contribution margin ($127,200) is divided by the total sales mix-in units (700) in order to receive a weight average contribution margin of $181.71. At breakeven the total contribution margin subtracted by the fixed costs will equal 0. The sales units multiplied by the weight average contribution margin equals the fixed cost. From the data given the estimated fixed costs  is $400,000. The fixed costs divided by the weight average contribution margin of $181.71 can help Competition Bikes, Inc. determine the breakeven point of 2,201 sales units. Now Competition Bikes, Inc. can calculate sales units and sales dollars with these numbers calculated. By parting the sales at the breakeven point by the product mix-in does this. Competition Bikes, Inc. must sale 1,415 Titanium and 786 CarbonLite models in order to hit their breakeven point and gain profitability. The sales dollars at the breakeven point are computed by multiplying the breakeven sales units by the sales price per unit. This equals $1,273,584 for Titanium and $1,175,314 for CarbonLite models giving us a overall amount of $2,448,899. Breakeven Analysis Change We will now discuss how the changes in direct materials and fixed costs to the production facility based on an evaluation of cost-volume-profit will affect the breakeven analysis. If the costs of direct materials increased by 10%, Competition Bikes, Inc. will notice a change in the breakeven point as the variable costs would then increase from $679 per unit to $709 per unit for the Titanium models and $1,384 per unit to $1,451 per unit for the CarbonLite models. Because the variable cost per unit has changed so will the contribution margin per unit. This will have a large decrease on both the Titanium and the CarbonLite models as Titanium bikes would have a contribution margin of $191 per unit and CarbonLite bikes would also have a contribution margin to $44 per unit. We then multiply these changes by the sales mix in values. The contribution margin for the Titanium bikes is $85,950 and $11,000 for the CarbonLite bikes. This gives Competition Bikes, Inc. a total contribution margin of $96,950. The weight average contribution margin is now calculated by dividing the contribution margin of $96,815 by 700 the total number of sales mix-in units. This totals to $138.5. Before the 10% increase this number was much higher at $181.71. If Competition Bikes, Inc. added $50,000 in the fixed costs towards the production facility, changes would occur in the sales units at the breakeven point. The calculation would be $450,000 compared to $400,000 divided by the new weight average contribution margin of $138.5. This totals to 3,249 units. Titanium models would total 2,089 in sales units at the breakeven point and CarbonLite would total 1,160 sales units at the breakeven point. The total breakeven point in sales dollars now increases to $3,614,620. This is an extra $1,165,721. Competition Bikes, Inc. would need to stay on top of these additional costs and in order to do so they must increase their sales each quarter. Based on direct materials increase of 10% and the additional $50,000 in fixed costs, Competition Bikes, Inc. will need to manufacture 1,048 additional units in order to breakeven. References Averkamp, Harold. (2013). Accounting Coach. What is the Traditional Method used in Cost Accounting? Retrieved from http://blog.accountingcoach.com/taditional-method-cost-accounting/ Investopedia. (2013). Breakeven Point-BEP. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/breakevenpoint.asp Johnson, Rose. (2012). EHow Money. The Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/info_10040118_costvolumeprofit-cvp-analysis.html Wikipedia. (2013). The Free Encyclopedia. Activity-based Costing. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity-based_costing

Can Agros enter the chinese market -An investigation about chinese Essay

Can Agros enter the chinese market -An investigation about chinese consumers' attitudes towards the Argos business modle - Essay Example plishment can be attributed to the increase in the purchasing power of the Chinese people due to the corresponding increase in their disposable income. The research paper will attempt to investigate the attitude of the Chinese customers towards Argos business model. Argos, owned by Home Retail Group, is a major retailer group in UK offering consumer durable and fast moving consumer goods. It has a unique recognition in UK as a multi-channel retailer and serves its customers with 700 retail stores in UK and Ireland. 26% of its total retail sales come from online and home delivery services. It has developed a unique style whereby it receives orders online and through telephone and delivers them at the customers’ home. Around 18 million of UK households are using products under Argos’ catalogue (Argos, 2010). The research will aim to find out whether Argos business model is compatible in the Chinese retail industry. A research will be conducted for this purpose. A brief literature review will be discussed in the very beginning to analyse the present situation of the Chinese retail market. This will be followed by a comprehensive analysis of the objective and requirements of this research paper. The section allotted to research design will discuss on the research methodology and will select the most suited one. The collected data will then be analysed to generate the findings of this research. The concluding section will not only deal with the inferences arrived at but also the limitations that have restricted the findings. The literature review is a very important section as it helps to develop a theoretical framework for the research topic. This part also prepares the base of the research topic by identifying supporting studies related to Chinese retail market and consumer behaviour. Political and social development of China was accompanied with economic growth. It is primarily seen as the fruit of industrialization that reduced poverty and increased the

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(Character) and relationship to society - Essay Example What is it? It is the protagonist’s attempt to pretend to be treated as a white woman, although she belongs to another nation. It should be mentioned that both Helga (Quicksand) and Clare (Passing) are Mulattos, who are unhappy because the community they live in do not like all â€Å"not-whites.† Both the stories under consideration introduce two women who are eager to navigate their way through ideological, economic and social structures of their communities. It is important to add that Passing and Quicksand not only document the long and continuing dynamic of race in the United States of America; they also describe all the challenges of being â€Å"not-white.† The women described by the author have to struggle for their happiness. Unfortunately, they do not manage to succeed in the fight for their rights. For example, Clare mysteriously dies after her secrete of being black becomes known to her husband. Helga turns into a poor woman who brings up her children a nd is not satisfied with her miserable life. We cannot ignore the fact that only the society is to blame in this situation. Both Helga and Clare found no opportunity to realize themselves and their dreams in their community. Racial discrimination and improper attitude towards black people left no place to recognition and sympathy needed by Mulatto women (p. 11).

The benefits of cryotherapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The benefits of cryotherapy - Essay Example In order to achieve this, cryotherapy has become one of the most preferred approaches by doctors to boost the immune system of the human body. Researchers have proved that cryotherapy comes with numerous benefits and patients who have been subject to this technology have indicated admirable outcomes. Cryotherapy basically involves a simple process that entails exposing the human body to very low temperatures. It is â€Å"therapeutic use of cold† (Archer 262). It involves spraying patients with a dry nitrogen mist the cools then skin immediately patients enter a chamber that is specially designed for this purpose. Even though the temperature of the skin is lowered just for a few minutes, the result of spraying patients with skin-chilling dry Nitrogen is often wonderful (Archer 262). When the temperature of the body drops, the immune system of the body is activated to respond, thereby leading to pain or inflammation relief (Eaves 72; Kenner 662; Aigner and Stephens 48). Perhaps, some people are wondering about how it feels when one undergoes cryotherapy. The therapy is very quick and the whole treatment procedure is absolutely painless, which is one of the main advantages of cryotherapy. Cryotherapy is also beneficial because it treats numerous health conditions (Knight and Draper 5). Cryotherapy can be used to treat serious debilitating diseases like arthritis and Fibromyalgia. It is also known to boost the performance of athletes (Millis and Levine 314). According to CryoClinics, cryotherapy remains crucial for facilitating recovery in sports and ensuring highly competitive sports (CryoClinics Para 11). Do you recall the ice bags that team doctors usually put on the head of players when there is head collision of some soccer player hurt his leg? This is fundamentally what cryotherapy technique. â€Å"Welsh rugby team began using cryotherapy in the run-up to the 2011 Rugby World Cup in order to aid their

Bar Code Man Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Bar Code Man - Assignment Example The Woodland and Silver barcode can be described as the â€Å"bull’s eye† symbol made up of a series of concentric circles. Barcode was first used commercially in 1966, however it was soon realized that would have to be some sort of industry standard set. By 1970, the Universal Grocery Products Identification Code (UGPIC) was written by a company called Logicon Inc. Since then the use of barcode has been adopted by many companies and institutions. Barcode man is an exploration of how software can reveal different patterns and variations contained within single textiles. Similarly shaped black and white woven motifs are printed in similar colors to turn them into red, yellow and blue textiles (Seideman 2011) Some of the influence of barcode man in the society today incudes revolutionizing the process of inventory control. And to date they are everywhere around us keeping track of product information and inventory levels. In addition, barcode has brought more transparency and accountability to the society hence limiting fraud especially in prisons and banks. Due to barcodes, hospitals are associated with significant increase in total medication accuracy rates hence ensuring safety. In my opinion, it is the ultimate experience of transformation that has excited us most as a human race. In the last decade, we have only witnessed a small part of what is possible. Specifically the barcode technology was the preserve of the few companies and organizations who could afford it. As the technological possibility of barcode envelopes in the society, it will instill in us a sense of belief, and faith that has traditionally been associated with religion such as the number 666 in the bible. Therefore I believe ‘barcode man’ has created a sense of security and promoted coherence to the society in

International Conflict Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Conflict Analysis - Essay Example However, since the war ended in 2002, there have been several positive developments like conducting elections and involving the youth. Of course, one has to keep ones’ fingers crossed as earlier attempts at peacemaking have usually resulted in breakdown given the greed and grievance of the warlords and the presence of thousands of brainwashed soldiers ready to do their bidding. The role of the international community is also discussed and some criticism expressed for the way in which their non-intervention caused avoidable suffering and casualties. Given the interplay of the resource argument (the so-called conflict diamonds) with that of a failed state where a â€Å"free for all† was the norm rather than the exception, the peace that the citizens of Sierra Leone are experiencing now is indeed welcome from all aspects. Finally, the conflict in Sierra Leone is also notable for the way in which the post cold war illusions about durable peace and establishment of a new wor ld order were disabused. The end of the cold war produced diametric reactions from intellectuals and foreign policy experts. Whereas writers like Francis Fukuyama were quick to predict the â€Å"End of History† and proclaim that the democratization of the nations of the world would give us the meaning that we have always sought, other writers like Samuel Huntington warned of a coming â€Å"Clash of the Civilizations† where who you were mattered more than what you were or which side you were on (Huntington, 1996, 14). The former is the â€Å"new war† hypothesis that posits the view of how conflicts in the last two decades are about economic reasons and identity whereas the latter is the â€Å"old war† theory about the cold war which was essentially an ideological battle. However, there are many who see the so-called new wars as a continuance of those fought earlier just that the international order does not have the

Brand Perception and Advertiing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand Perception and Advertiing - Essay Example In ma-market retail talent i generally viewed a a valuable ource of brand building a quality of ervice offered by the retailer add to the pride of the brand. The companie may poition themelve for the ma market by providing outtanding cutomer interaction which may optimize profit and the core value of brand. The following dicuion in the paper analyze the influence of advertiing practice on developing brand peronality and their impact on the buying behavior of conumer. The dicuion in the paper are woven around the iue concerning advertiing a brand driver, brand typology, cognitive relationhip between the conumer behavior, communication and brand perception. The paper alo attempt to ynchronize viable propoition a managerial implication for building the brand peronality conidering the interactive cognitive variable of conumer behavior. The concept of cutomer-baed brand equity may be defined a the differential effect that brand knowledge ha on conumer repone to marketing activity for that brand. A brand i aid to have poitive (or negative) cutomer-baed brand equity when conumer react more (or le) favorably to marketing mix activity for the brand, a compared to when the ame marketing activity i attributed to a hypothetical or unnamed verion of the product or ervice. Conumer repone to marketing activity for competitive brand or an alternatively named verion of the product or ervice can alo be ueful benchmark (i.e. for determining the uniquene of brand aociation and the opportunity cot of brand extenion, repectively). Cutomer-baed brand equity emerge when the conumer i aware of and familiar with the brand and hold ome favorable, trong, and unique brand aociation in memory. Conumer have only one image of a brand, one created by the deployment of the brand aet at your dipoal: name, tradition, packaging, advertiing, promotion poture, pricing, trade acceptance, ale force dicipline, cutomer atifaction, repurchae pattern, etc. Clearly ome brand aet are more important to product marketer than to ervice marketer, and vice vera. ome competitive environment put more of a premium on certain aet a well. Quality and price do not exit a iolated concept in conumer' mind and are interrelated. Reearch ha hown that deep dicount do caue the conumer to believe that omething i wrong. Frequent dicounting erve to lower the value of the brand becaue of an almot ubconciou reaction by the conumer who believe that quality alo ha been lowered (remember hirt with alligator on them) or, in a "value rebound," conumer begin to perceive the everyday price a too high. The brand i then bought only on deal. Thi paper attempt to explore the variou mechanim that help building the brand per onality through marketing communication like advertiing, word of mouth etc. 1.2 Brand equity and cutomer relationhip trong brand equity allow the companie to retain cutomer better, ervice their need more effectively, and increae profit. Brand equity can be increaed by uccefully implementing and managing an ongoing relationhip marketing effort by offering value to the cutomer, and litening to their need. Diregarding the edge that the brand-cutomer relationhip

Labour productivity in mining and agriculture using Indonesia, The Essay

Labour productivity in mining and agriculture using Indonesia, The Philippines, and The US as case studies - Essay Example Another critical finding of this study is that the power of western economies to resist to global economic pressures cannot be guaranteed. For example, the findings in regard to labour productivity in USA are encouraging but no estimates have been made for the country’s labour productivity trends in the long term. On the other hand, the level of labour productivity of a country can be high even if the status of the national economy is not as high as could be expected; the case of Philippines is an indicative example. For this reason, when trying to compare the labour productivity indicators of countries worldwide it would be necessary to refer not only to their current performance in the sectors involved but also to their socio-cultural characteristics, as influencing all types of industrial activities developed locally. 2. Comparative analysis of labour productivity and the associated changes in sectors of production, in agriculture and mining sectors According to a quite des criptive definition, labour productivity is ‘a measurement of efficiency of production derived from the ratio of the real output to input over a period of time’ (National Statistics Office – Republic of the Philippines, 2012) 2.1 Indonesia The performance of Indonesia in regard to the growth of its economy is impressive. In fact, currently the country’s economy as ranking at the 16th position in the context of the global market (McKinsey and Company, 2012, p.1); by 2030 the economy of Indonesia is expected to be at the 7th position of the relevant index (McKinsey and Company, 2012, p.1). The significant increase of labour productivity, at a level of 60%, is considered as the key reason for the rapid growth of the country’s economy (McKinsey and Company, 2012, p.1). For reaching the targeted level of economic growth, i.e. for becoming the 7th most powerful economy in the world, Indonesia needs to increase the level of its labour productivity by †˜an additional 60%, compared to the rate achieved between 2000 and 2010’ (McKinsey and Company, 2012, p.1). In order to understand the rate of labour productivity in Indonesia it would be necessary to refer to the country’s trends in regard to labour force and employment growth. These trends are presented in Figure 1 below. An increase in the labour force in general seems to exist from 2004 up to 2010; however, this increase does not reflect the employment of young people, age between 15 and 24 (Figure 1); for the specific category of the labour force, a trend for continuous decrease is revealed for the years 2004 to 2010 (Figure 1). Figure 1 – Labour force and employment growth trends in Indonesia for the years 2004 to 2010 (source: ILO 2011, p.9) It should be noted that the level of limitation of youth participation in the workforce has been especially high from 2007 up to 2010, while from 2005 to 2007 signs of standardization of the percentage of young peopl e entering the workplace seemed to exist (Figure 1). In regard to the distribution of labour force across the country’s industries, the following facts should be highlighted: most of workers in Indonesia are employed in the agricultural sector, with a percentage of 38.1 (Figure 2 below), even if the sector’

Fin hw1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fin hw1 - Assignment Example lobalization and International Business, Johan asserts that indeed, sweatshops are an essential stepping stone if a developing country is to achieve economic progression. I fully concur with the statement for several reasons. In the documentary, Taiwan is presented as one of the countries that has seen the fastest economic growth rate in the last four decades. The same thing has also been seen more recently with the adoption of sweatshops in Vietnam, another country showing signs of gradual economic progress. Looking at these two examples, it is easy to tell that the countries in question had to endure the awful working conditions that come with the sweatshops for a short time in order to gain the economic progression at the end of it. Countries such as Kenya which declined to open up to the foreign â€Å"exploitation† have been forced to lag behind economically since little foreign investment made way into the country due to its restrictions towards adopting the sweatshops. In conclusion, it is true that sweatshops do a substantial harm to a country in terms of environmental deterioration and advancement of poor working conditions. However, it is important to understand that in most cases, the conditions provided in these sweatshops could be even better than those currently in place in that country. The baseline of it all is that sweatshops are key in stimulating the growth of a country through the creation of jobs and provision of skills that ultimately form the basis of development after the short stint of

In the Line of Fire Essay Example for Free

In the Line of Fire Essay Author. Pervez Musharraf 3. Chapters 22 4. Pages 237 5. Price. Not Known 6. Year of Pub 2006 Introduction 7. With the publication of his memoir, In the Line of Fire, Pervez Musharraf has virtually launched his campaign for the next presidential election due towards the end of 2007. Through the medium of this book he intends to convey to the people of Pakistan what he has accomplished for his country, and to the world community, how he has endeavored to counter the forces of extremism and obscurantism that have brought bad name to Pakistan. About The Author 8. The title, In the Line of Fire, serves to project Musharraf’s image as a bold and courageous leader of a country beset by innumerable internal and external difficulties and threats. The idea is to make him appear as a man of crisis and saviour of the nation ,a leader who salvaged the sinking ship of Pakistan. SUMMARY Of THE BOOK 9. Divided into six parts and thirty-two chapters, In the Line of Fire contains a â€Å"Prologue† and an â€Å"Epilogue†. Inclusive of â€Å"Index†, the book is spread over three hundred and fifty-two pages, and contains several memorable photographs. 10. The book’s part one, â€Å"In the Beginning†, comprises chapters 1 to 5 and is devoted to Musharraf’s early life and youthful years. a. The chapter 1. Entitled same as Khushwant Singh’s famous novel, â€Å"Train to Pakistan†, opens with the words: â€Å"These were troubled times. These were momentous times. There was the light of freedom; there was the darkness of genocide. It was the dawn of hope; it was the twilight of empire. † (p. 11) Any student of English literature would immediately gather that the source of inspiration for this paragraph is Charles Dickens’ classic A Tale of Two Cities. Set in the background of the French Revolution, A Tale of Two Cities begins thus: â€Å"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair . . . .† b. Chapter 2. The Chapter 2 â€Å"Settling in Karachi†, narrates the story of housing and other problems faced by Musharraf’s family in their new homeland. Representing the ordeal of nearly every Mohajir household, Musharraf states: â€Å"Other uprooted members of our family assorted aunts and uncles and cousins came to live with us. At one time there were eighteen of us living in those two rooms. † (p. 15) Ultimately, Musharraf’s family settles down, and he as â€Å"an uprooted little boy found earth that was natural to him. He took root in it forever. † (p. 18) There is the commitment emanating from the innermost depth of his heart: â€Å"I would protect that earth with my life. † (p. 8) This represents the crisis of Mohajir identity: preoccupation with the search for roots after having been uprooted, and a desire to monopolize patriotism. c. Chapter 3. In chapter 3, â€Å"Turkey: The Formative Years†, Musharraf talks about his adolescent years in that country where his father was posted in Pakistan’s embassy. It was here that he developed admiration for the founder of modern Turkey: â€Å"Wi th the fall of the Ottoman caliphate, Mustafa Kemal had saved Turkey from balkanization and modernized it by dragging it out of dogma and obscurantism. † (p. 9) Ataturk is the role model, Musharraf is in search of his footsteps but the terrain is entirely different. As if to prove that his family was not â€Å"obscurantist†, the author says, â€Å"Both my parents loved music and dancing, especially ballroom dancing,† (p. 20) He seems to be conscious of the controversy that was created by the photograph in which he was carrying two puppies, as he reminds, â€Å"My love of dogs began in Turkey. †(p. 24). d. Chapter4. The chapter 4. â€Å"Home†, describes his life back in Pakistan where first Musharraf’s family took residence in Nazimabad Block 3. Here â€Å"a boy had to be street-smart to survive. There were the inevitable street gangs, and needless to say, I joined one. Needless to say, too, I was one of the tough boys. † (p. 26). While living in this Mohajir neighbourhood, Musharraf relates with pride that he thrashed a bully and became known as a â€Å"dada geer† (p. 27). The discernable reader would not fail to observe the author’s mental affinity to the stuff from which the MQM was to emerge. Perhaps Musharraf feels that without reference to some love affairs the story of his youthful years would remain incomplete and barren. So one finds mention of a couple of superficial love affairs. e. Chapter5. The next chapter, â€Å"Leaving the Nest†, takes the reader to Musharraf’s college years where he got his first experience in public speaking as a candidate in the election for class representative. (p. 32) Musharraf also got introduced to Tariq Aziz who was destined to become his principal secretary after he became president and was later to be appointed secretary to the National Security Council. It was also in the FC College that he â€Å"learned how to make a time bomb, which I later used as a commando to good effect. (p. 33). f. Chapter 6. The part two, â€Å"Life in the Army†, chapter 6, â€Å"The Potter’s Wheel†, is devoted to the author’s life in Pakistan Military Academy (PMA). Musharraf is all praise for the PMA, and describes it as the best in the world (p. 41). This is the beginning of his lifetime love with the institution of the armed forces. Here one in cident took place that probably became significant in the future: â€Å"I was one of four candidates short-listed to go to Sandhurst, England, to complete my training, but another cadet, Ali Kuli Khan Khattak, was selected. He retired as a lieutenant general and chief of general staff when I became army chief, but I suspect that his retirement, which was optional, had more to do with disappointment at not becoming chief himself, which is perfectly understandable. † (p. 41) . A little circumspection and Musharraf could have skipped the mention of above incident. g. Chapter 7. In chapter 7, â€Å"Into the Fire†, Musharraf gives account of his valiant contribution to the India-Pakistan War of 1965, which earned him an award for gallantry. He could have earned two awards but due to certain act of indiscipline court-martial proceedings were to be taken against him, which were dropped as a reward for his performance in the war. The author is silent about the Operation Gibraltar and Operation Grand Slam that had provoked India to attack Pakistan in the early hours of September 6, 1965. His comments on the developments preceding the war would have enhanced the value of the book. h. Chapter 8. In chapter 8, â€Å"Life in the Fire†, Musharraf makes a lot of criticism of Z. A. Bhutto. In his zeal for Bhutto-bashing, Musharraf makes an absurd point that instead of becoming chief martial law administrator Bhutto could have reverted to the Constitution of 1956 with amendments to the clauses that pertained to East Pakistan. (p. 57) He conveniently ignores that Yahya Khan had done away with â€Å"One Unit† with effect from July 1, 1970, and elections for four separate provincial assemblies had been held in December 1970. i. Chapter 9. The chapter 9, â€Å"Living through the Dreadful Decade†, is primarily an indictment of the civilian facade, 1988-1999: Never in the history of Pakistan had we seen such a combination of the worst kind of governance or rather, a nearly total lack of governance along with corruption and the plunder of national wealth. During these eleven years, every army chief there were four of them eventually clashed with the prime minister. The head of the government invariably got on the wrong side of the president and the army chief. Ad vice to Nawaz Sharif or Benazir Bhutto fell on deaf ears, leading every time to a confrontation. † (p. 78). j. Chapter 10. In chapter 10, â€Å"From Chief to Chief executive†, Musharraf relates the story of his becoming the army chief and not â€Å"chief executive† of the country as the title wrongly suggests. This glaring mistake cannot be condoned in a book meant for high caliber audience. Musharraf gives some detail of the conflict between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on the one hand and President Farooq Leghari and Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah on the other. He accuses Nawaz Sharif of sending â€Å"his party goons to storm the Supreme Court building while the court was in session. . Chapter 11. In chapter 11, â€Å"The Kargil Conflict†, Musharraf gives his side of the Kargil story. He stresses that the Kargil operartion was just one in a series of moves and counter-moves at tactical level by India and Pakistan along the Line of Control in Northern Areas. (p. 87). According to him the Indians could have possibly used the reportedly increasing activities of the â€Å"mujahideenâ⠂¬  as a casus belli to launch operation against the positions of Pakistan armed forces. He states, â€Å"We knew that thousands of mujahideen, mostly indigenous to Indian-held Kashmir but also supported by freelance sympathizers from Pakistan, did operate against the Indian forces. † (p. 88) l. Chapter 12. The part three, â€Å"The Hijacking Drama†, chapter 12, â€Å"Plane to Pakistan†, contains detail of what happened on board flight PK 805, which was bringing Musharraf back to Karachi from Colombo. Musharraf accuses Nawaz Sharif of not allowing his flight to land in Karachi even if it had to be diverted to Bombay, Oman, Abu Dhabi or Bandar Abbas. The reason: â€Å"I had been dismissed and Ziauddin had been made the chief. Obviously, Nawaz Sharif did not want me around to counter his illegal action. † (p. 107) m. Chapter 13. In chapter 13, â€Å"The Conspiracy†, Musharraf charges Nawaz Sharif of staging a coup against him. According to Musharraf, â€Å"It was a gross misuse and misapplication of the law: you cannot summarily dismiss the army chief, a constitutional appointee, without giving him just cause and affording him due process. †(p. 109) n. Chapter 14 The chapter 14, â€Å"The Countercoup†, describes how the loyalists of Musharraf managed to thwart the alleged plan of Nawaz Sharif and removed him from power. . Chapter 15. In chapter 15, â€Å"Anatomy of Suicide†, Musharraf tries to explain why Nawaz Sharif took the decision to remove him. He refers to various irritants that had developed between him and the prime minister. He conjectures, â€Å"It could be that such affronts on my part made the prime minister realize his folly in selecting me for my position. He had probably thought that being the son of immigrant parents, I would acquiesce in his demands ___ that I would feel insecure and vulnerable and do his bidding. He couldn’t have been more wrong. . Chapter 16. In chapter 16, â€Å"Pakistan First†, Musharraf explains the reasons why he did not impose martial law repeating the earlier argument: â€Å"Our past experience had amply demonstrated that martial law damages not only military but also civilian institutions, because as the army gets superimposed on civil institutions the bureaucracy becomes dependent on army officers to make the crucial decisions that they themselves should be making. I therefore decided that there would be no martial law. †(p. 143). q. Chapter 17. The chapter 17, â€Å"The Quest for Democracy† makes a brief and superficial survey of constitutional developments, and government and politics in Pakistan. Here too Musharraf does not spare Bhutto: â€Å"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto masqueraded as a democrat but ruled like an autocrat. † (p. 159) Nawaz also becomes Musharraf’s target: â€Å" This time he had a brute two-third majority in the National Assembly and could bludgeon through any amendment to the constitution he wanted. He used his majority to silence dissent. He forced the army chief out of office. He attacked the press and arrested many journalists. And he had his party’s goons physically attack the Supreme Court. † (p. 162) r. Chapter 18. In chapter 18, â€Å"Putting the System Right†, Musharraf points out the flaws in Pakistan’s politico-constitutional setup, and discusses the measures that he has adopted to remove them. He primarily identifies two problems: â€Å"the absence of democracy at the grassroots level and the absence of effective checks and balances over the three power brokers of Pakistan: the president, the prime minister and the army chief. (p. 164) s. Chapter 19. In chapter 19, â€Å"Kick-Starting the Economy†, Musharraf presents a lot of figures to make the point that under his government there has been a revival of economy. What he conveniently ignores is the fact that since early 1990s Pakistan was facing sanctions whereas the actual starting point of revival was 9/11 when Pakistan became a US ally in its â€Å"war on ter ror. † And sanctions were lifted. It is yet to be seen if there has been any structural change in the economy or the present kick off is short-lived. The recent scandal concerning the sale of Pakistan Still Mills, the sugar crisis and uncontrollable inflationary trends are black spots on the management of Pakistan’s economy. The part five of the book deals with â€Å"The War on Terror†. t. Chapter 20. This part begins with chapter 20, â€Å"One Day that Changed the World†, an obvious reference to 9/11. During an important meeting at the Governor’s House, Musharraf received the famous phone call of the US secretary of state. He recalls, â€Å"Powell was quite candid: ‘You are either with us or against us. I took this as a blatant ultimatum. † (p. 201). u. Chapter 21. The chapter 21, â€Å"Omar and Osama†, contains details about Mulla Omar’s and bin Laden’s background and their worldview, and discusses the origin of the Taliban. Musharraf â€Å"suspects† that the United States did not disapprove of the Taliban phenomenon in the hope that they could bring peace to A fghanistan. (p. 211). v. Chapter 22. The chapters 22, â€Å"The War Comes to Pakistan†, 23, â€Å"Manhunt† and 24, â€Å"Tightening the Noose† are about the network and activities of Al-Qaeda and its allies in Pakistan. These chapters also contain the details of Pakistani agencies’ operations to break terrorist network in the country. Referring to Al-Qaeda members, Musharraf boasts: â€Å"We have captured 689 and handed 369 to the United States. We have earned bounties totaling millions of dollars. Those who habitually accuse us of ‘not doing enough’ in the war on terror should simply ask the CIA how much prize money it has paid to the government of Pakistan. † (p. 237).

Peter Paul Rubens Essay Example for Free

Peter Paul Rubens Essay Peter Paul Rubens is viewed in our time as one of the Masters of his period in art. Living in the 1600’s he was vastly influenced by the Baroque ideals of art and culture. He is considered by some to have blended the work from the Renaissance and Early Baroque into one of the first truly European styles of painting. His style is considered to be an exaggerated Baroque style with large amounts of emphasis on color, sensuality, and movement. Subjects in Rubens paintings are commonly shown in dynamic postures with facial expressions full of emotion and expressive movement. Rubens was born in Siegen, Westphalia on the 28th of June in 1577. He was the sixth child of his parents Jan Rubens, his father, and Maria Pypelincks, his mother. This came after quite the political scandal his family had just begun to move on from. Previous to Peter’s birth, Jan Rubens had been imprisoned for an affair with Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William of Orange. When Peter was one year old, his family moved back to Cologne from where they had fled before his birth. They had been forced to leave during the rule of the Spanish Netherlands by the Duke of Alba due to the persecution of Calvinist’s at the time. Peter’s father was a lawyer, and noticing Peter’s intelligence saw to it that he received a Classical education. After the death of Jan Ruben’s, Maria took her family back to a small property she owned in Antwerp in 1567. When Rubens was 13, his family’s last wealth was used to provide his oldest sister a marriage dowry, and he was sent to be a page under the care of Countess Lalaing. It is thought this is where he received his education in formal manners and conduct. However, after a few months had passed, under Peter’s instigation, he got his mother to apprentice him to a painter. The painter he was apprenticed to was named Tobias Verhaeght. This is essentially where Peter Paul Rubens art career began. Later he studied under two of Antwerps most prominent painters at that time, Adam van Noort and Ot to van Veen, both of which were mannerists. A large amount of Rubens early training consisted mostly of woodcuts and engravings of earlier artists works. Peter completed his training in 1598 and entered into the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master. After this Peter Paul Rubens then traveled to Italy, first stopping in Venice. There he was able to study paintings by some of the Renaissance masters such as Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto. It is thought that the compositions and coloring used by these masters had an immediate effect on Rubens painting  style. Of these, it seems Titians influence shows the strongest in Rubens later, mature style. He then continued on to settle for a time in Mantua at the court of duke Vincenzo I of Gonzaga. Supported Financially by the duke, Rubens traveled to Rome in 1601. While there he was able to study Greek and Roman art and also copy works from the Italian masters. After spending about eight years in Italy, Peter Paul Rubens made his way back to Antwerp upon hearing of his mother b eing ill. He did not however make it to Antwerp in time and his mother had passed away upon his arrival. In September of 1609, Rubens was appointed to court painter by Albert and Isabella, governors of the Low Countries. He was also allowed special permission to have his art studio based out of Antwerp, instead of at the court which was located in Brussels. He was also given authorization to continue to work for other clients outside the court. Following his appointment as court painter, Rubens also married his first wife Isabella Brant, daughter of a prominent family in Antwerp. In 1610 he moved into a new studio and house designed by himself. This Italian-influenced villa in the center of Antwerp contained his workshop, personal art collection, and library, and is now referred to as the Rubenshuis museum. It was this workshop in which Rubens produced the majority of his now famous paintings such as Prometheus Bound, The Raising of the Cross, and The Descent from the Cross. Along with producing many paintings during this time, Rubens was also involved in the creation of prints and book title pages which further extended his fame throughout Europe. Copyrights for these prints were established in countries such as Holland, England, France, and Spain. In 1621, Peter Paul Rubens recieved another major commission in his art career from Marie de Medici, queen of France. She requested two allegorical cycles in commemoration of her and her late husband, Henry IV, for the Luxembourg Palace in Paris. The Marie de Medici cycle was completed and installed in 1625. The second series was never completed as Marie was exiled from France in 1630. Between 1625 and 1630 Rubens was also involved in diplomatic attempts to bring peace between the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands. For this he was knighted by Philip IV of Spain, and also by Charles I of England. Cambridge University also awarded Rubens an honorary Master of Arts degree in 1629. In the last years of Rubens life he continued to be a successful and popular artist, with more requests for work than he had time. He married 16  year old Helene Fourment four years after the death of his first wife. Helene is thought to be the inspiration for works such as The Feast of Venus, The Judgement of Paris, and The Three Graces. Rubens ended up fathering eight children in total between his two wives and passed away from gout on May 30, 1640. I think probably ranking as the most or one of the most important works produced by Peter Paul Rubins would have to be the painting The Raising of the Cross. From my reading it seems to be the most universally appreciated of Rubens works. Also, due to it being one of his earlier paintings, it seems that this painting served in fully showing Rubens potential as an artist and contributed to the attention he recieved in later commissions such as the Marie de Medici cycle. In The Raising of the Cross, the main emotion or feeling that comes to my mind is struggle. We have discussed in this class how diagonal lines convey movement in a composition and this painting is full of them. From the cross itself, to the bodies of the figures, and even the tree in the background, all show varying levels of diagonal lines. The diagonals seem to conflict each other in the painting which I believe is one of the primary elements conveying this feeling of a struggle. The balance in The Raising of the Cross seems to be asymmetrical which I feel adds to the emotion in the painting. The coloring in this work is set in such a way to highlight the figures involved in the depiction by showing large amounts of bare skin using lighter flesh colored tones against the dark background of the ground and especially in the shaded tree in the top right. Jesus, who is the central figure in this painting, is the most bare skinned and also the lightest figure in the scene which draws the eyes attention. I also notice that the bottom right of the painting is light while diagonally to the upper left is very dark. I think this is another way Rubens creates movement in this piece and draws the viewers eye across the scene. Also of note in this piece is the repetition of strain and tension shown in the figures poses, muscles, and faces. Strain and tension can also be felt in the angle of the cross itself across the painting as well as the rope pulled taught in the effort. In the end Peter Paul Rubens life exemplifies an almost fairy tale like quality for the dreams of an artist. He was successful from a young age all the way up until his death and was revered as a great artist from a relatively early point in his art career. His life was highly productive, and not defined by any major  hardship or life tragedy as some other artists. We consider Rubens as a prolific painter, and through himself and his workshop, he produced multiple hundreds of pieces or art, many of which remain today and are highly acclaimed.

Evaluation Of Australias Decision Marketing Essay

Evaluation Of Australias Decision Marketing Essay Ferrero is an Italian manufacturer of chocolate products founded by confectioner Pierto Ferrero in the year 1946 based in Pino Torinese. In the survey of the 2009 reputation Institute, Ferrero was considered as the most reputable Company in the world. This company has been considered as one of the worlds secretive company. Company concentrates on the manufacturing innovation.It believes in social marketing concept to deliver value in a way to maintain or improve both the customers and societys well being. They focus on customers as centre of strategy to maintain long term relationship and mutual trust and consider this to be the key to their success. The company headquatered in Italian town of Alba has a overall sale of A$10 billion and it employees over 20,000 people around the world and holds over 7.3 % of worlds choclate share(Case Information). Q1. Evaluate Ferrero Australias decision to open an online boutique. Will this have any impact on the companys other business segments? A-With shoppers venturing online at an increasing rate in Australia, Ferrero recognised an opportunity to create an online boutique with ecommerce functionality. Evaluation of Australias Decision In Australia during festive seasons like Christmas there is always a high demand of chocolates. The public interest and demand let the company to launch the first online boutique in November 2010 in Australia aiming the Christmas ahead. These gift hampers are elegantly packed in beautiful keep sake box and personalised to make the special occasion more special. Ferrero choose Australia to pioneer its Asia pacific market because of its familiarity of western culture. According to census 2006 Australia is a country of diverse culture with predominance of Christianity, Roman Catholic (25.8%), Anglican (18.7%) and rest (19.4%).The composition of religious groups includes Buddhism ,Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Indigenous etc (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2007). So in a diverse place like this there will be people celebrating some festivals throughout the year. Festival means exchanging gifts and this make the demand for chocolate hampers throughout the year. The literacy rate in Australia is about 99% (WorldBank, 2012). GER (Gross enrolment ratio, Total is the total enrolment in primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of official primary education age) is found to be 105% in Australia that indicates that its a highly educated country (WorldBank, 2012). According to the internetworldstats about 80.1% of the Australian population use internet which comprise of around 17,033,826 users as of Aug 2009.There is 22.8% of population subscribing broadband connection as of September 2007.According to world bank GNI per capita is US$ 21,650(04) that indicates that its a very wealthy country. Ferrero Online boutique offers premium chocolate for special occasion. It positions as a status symbol with high class product which is seen as a classy and elegant. At the same time pricing is also too high. This is targeting the high income range of people which is niche market. In a place like Australia it can find a range of customers to buy the product that mainly concerns about the social status, pride and quality of service. The limited edition in variety always creates a demand among the customers. Australia is an urban country with 89% in 2010 with 1.2% of the rate of urbanization (CIA, 2012).According to World Bank report the density of population is Australia is 2.86 people per SQ km in 2009 (CIA, 2012).This indicates that the Australia is a huge country with less population. So people would prefer to do online shopping rather travelling long for the store shopping. In a much urbanised country like Australia people will tend to find easier way to get things done with less time. In this kind of world opening an online boutique using internet as a media is providing a convenient way to please their dear ones on special occasions without even spending too much time for it. This way company is meeting its mission as well as customer loyalty. Impact on Other Business Segments Ferrero has 3 different distribution channels to make product available to customers. These channels include online distribution channel, supermarket retailer and physical retailer channel. For online distribution channel ferrero focus on high income grade of population and target only on special occasion as a gift hamper. C:UsersSakiRaviDesktopsaki 2012 june mbamarketingMarketing-Mix.jpg The 4P (price, product, promotion and place) for the 3 different distribution channel are different. The price of the products in online boutique is very high and providing only limited number of variety to make it stand as a high status symbol. The product is a specially designed gift hamper for a special occasion or to be used as corporate gifts which is targeting the high business officials. It is available online and people cant buy these gift hampers in the stores. For the physical retailers and supermarket distribution channels the products like ferrero chocolate, nutella, tic tac, kinder surprise focus on daily needs of a person which can be consumable at all the times of the day. The prices for these products are relatively low to the price of online boutique hampers. These are available in supermarkets and stores and not available online in the boutique. So this clearly says the 4p of the traditional ferrero products and online boutique is different so it will not have any n egative impact on the other business segments. At the same time the strategy behind launching the online boutique was a market penetration strategy. Using very innovative kind of packaging and make it as a gift hamper they are targeting the same target market through different distribution channel. By presenting it as gift the value of the product changes. It adds more value. Using internet as a media they can reach a wide range of audiences. Even though it will not impact negatively the positive impact is always there. Online boutique can boost up the Brand awareness, Brand value, Brand positioning which in turn leads to brand equity. Loyal customers, new customers or the people who are gifted will get attracted to this new product and the company which in turn increases companys reputation. As online boutique offers the gift hampers which are very expensive to the reach of normal class they would like to try the products available in stores for relatively cheaper price which in turn creates brand awareness, creates more brand value and positions itself in the market which leads to brand equity. In fact it looks like its ferreros new strategy of value innovation to come out of competition of chocolate brands red oceans which includes fierce competition with Cadbury, nestles or mars. So its aiming to create significant leap in value for customers as well as company who will make its competitors feel obsolete to create a contested market place with positive impacts on the other products in stores and supermarket to boost up. CONCLUSION As Australia is a very posh, urban, full of literates, diversified and aware of western culture the idea of opening online boutique was breakthrough for the company that targets the niche market. Through the discussion above it is implied that the online boutique will not have any negative impact on the other business segments as the distribution channels for online boutique and stores products are different and both focus on different needs of consumers. Store products focus on daily needs of a person where as online boutique on special needs like gift items. Positively it creates brand awareness for all products. Q2-How can ferrero use new technology to market its products better? A-Even though ferrero is establish well in Australia its always a threat to a confectionary products to stay stable in market because of change in taste preference, emergence of new competitor or threat from existing competitor. With arising new technologies the company can make use of it effectively to create brand awareness and build long term relationship with the existing customers which is very important for a luxury brand like ferrero who target niche market. Attract new customers There is many search engines like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft that help the customer to find the stores or business via internet or mobile search. As People hardly go beyond the first page of listings its important for company to focus on Search Engine Optimizer(SEO) to optimise the metadata information and enable ferrero website to popup in the first listing when customers search for confectionary products (SupportGoogle, 2012). Web Blogs and Community- Ferrero create blogs and at least two communities to create online marketing, one community for Stores and Supermarket products and one for online boutique to avoid confusion. These blogging sometimes use to drive search results to let customers find the company and to gain greater attention. Social Medias are web or mobile based tools for sharing and discussing information. Ferrero can tap into the powerful networking sites to drive customers. Social networking sites like face book, twitter, MySpace, LinkedIn, YouTube can provide inexpensive but powerful online marketing. Ferrero should create sophisticated pages to attract users. It can think of allowing to buy products in these networks or can provide link that will allow them to buy in a click go. Additional opportunities include online radio shows on platforms such as BlogTalkRadio. This is very good media to be in direct touch with customers and getting their feedback about the products and building one to one relationship where around 608 million at the End of 2010 people were actively using social media like facebook (TheProvince, 2010). Delight existing customers and create high life time loyalty. The first thing important for a luxury product like ferrero is to find out the customers who are profitable and then try to create a long relationship with them as its cheaper to retain existing customers than acquiring new one (kotler Armstrong, 2012, p. 36). To do this CRM is the best technology used by many companies.CRM (customer relationship management) is an information industry to manage detailed information about the customers and carefully manage customers touch point to maximise customer loyalty using methodologies, software, and Internet capabilities (kotler Armstrong, 2012, p. 143).It consists of sophisticated software and analytical tools to integrate customers information from all sources and analyze them deeply and apply results to build strong customer relationship. So regency, frequency monitory value (RFM) is used to identify the best customers. The companies should focus on high customer life time valu e (CLV) and use methods to deal with them like Mobile marketing- These days cell subscribers read almost all messages they receive and can reach them in minutes. Ferrero should target the most loyal customers and text them about the offers or coupons to redeem in places that match their status, promotions, addition of new products. Apart from this it should focus in applications to be downloaded in app store to be used by iphones, ipad or it can target android as well for black berries .It can create application that will allow the customers to buy their products in a easy click using the application in their phones. QR codes are two-dimensional graphics (similar to barcode) contains information that customer needs like coupons, direction, contact information, availability of products etc. To read QR codes the customer need to download QR reader, then they need to take a picture of the code or scan through it to get the information that is embedded in the code (News C. , 2012). Ferrero can place these codes in ads, websites, in emails or on any other printable booklets or digital medium where camera can scan through the picture. This new technology will create anxiety among customers to know about it and will create more brand awareness. Email Marketing Service provider like mail chimp allows subscribers to send up to 500 emails per campaign and 3000 emails per month for no cost. Ferrero on identifying the profitable customers should send personalised emails or messages on their important days like birthday, anniversary, and festivals to show them how they value the customer and how important they are for the company. This leaves a positive impact in the customers who cares about the service. Email newsletter program enables customer to maintain an ongoing awareness of the company and this remind them about the company when they want service. A professional communication can reinforce branding message. Other than these new technologies ferrero can continue with the old mode of advertising and sponsorship to maintain the status of the brad in people mind. It should target the upcoming Olympic in London 2012. Ferrero can provide advertisements in the corporate blogs and community to attract the business officials and aware them that they have corporate gifts for them. This will attract high end business officials. CONCLUSION- With the emerging technologies, it is implied that ferreo has wide range of technologies to build customer relationship which is the main motto of the company that includes blogging, creating new communities, use of social media, sending personalised emails or messages, advertising in corporate blogs, mobile marketing as well as SEO to create long term relationship with customers and create new customers and make more brand awareness.

Duke Ellington :: essays research papers

Edward Kennedy Ellington, American jazz composer, orchestrator, bandleader, and pianist, is considered to be the greatest composer in the history of jazz music and one of the greatest musicians of the 20th century. He composed over 2000 works and performed numerous concerts during his musical career. A compilation of some of his most popular music is collected on a CD called "The Popular Duke Ellington." Ellington personally created most of the music played by his orchestra. He often wrote pieces for specific players with distinctive musical styles in his band, such as "Concerto for Cootie" (1940) for fellow musician and trumpeter, Cootie Williams. With the help from American trumpeter James "Bubber" Miley, Ellington often incorporated in his music the jungle effect. This effect was made by placing a plunger at the opening of a brass instrument, therefore, muffling or muting the notes played out. The result sounded like a person wailing, giving the piece a voice-like quality. In "Concerto for Cootie," Cootie Williams does a solo using the jungle effect, making it sound like a voice is singing along. His opening solo is repetitive, going over the same set of notes over and over again. The overall feeling is as if the music is wooing the listener. Ellington's other innovations include the use of the human voice as an instrument, such as in "Creole Love Call" (1927). He also placed instruments in unusual combinations, illustrated in the piece "Mood Indigo" (1930). When the orchestra performs this piece, three soloists stand out in front of the stage, playing three different instruments. Improvisation was a big part of Ellington’s music. One of Ellington orchestra’s signature tunes is "Take the ‘A’ Train" (1941). This piece was not written by Ellington but by American composer Billy Strayhorn, who became Ellington’s musical collaborator. This piece is very jumpy and light, making you feel like tapping your feet and following the beat. In the background is a piano in stride style that accompanies the brass instruments. Ellington often wrote evocative music, such as "Caravan" (1936), which he intended as a portrait of an exotic locale. The piece is a cross between Latin jazz and music that is Aladdin like. The brass instruments in the background are playing in ostinato form. This piece was written by Puerto Rican Juan Tizol who played the trombone solo. Cootie Williams would later improvise on the piece, coming up with his own version of "Caravan.

The Skills and Qualities Necessary Required to Establish and Maintain a

The Skills and Qualities Necessary Required to Establish and Maintain an Effective Working Relationship In this essay I have chosen to explore the skills and qualities required to establish and maintain an effective working relationship with my mentor in practice in the role of supervisee. I will discuss communication skills, willingness to learn, self-awareness, assertiveness, open-mindedness, reflective skills as criteria of mentee to establish working relationship with mentor. The term mentor originates from Greek mythology, was first introduce in academic and business world of north America (Laurent 1998) used in United Kingdom with the implementation of project 2000 in the national health service (Bracken 1989) to help smooth transition from student to professional. (Philips et al 1996, Grey M and Smith1999). The dictionary defines a mentor as a trusted counselor or guide. A mentor is generally an influential, experienced individual with whom mentee establish a personal relationship and who actively helps mentee reach their goals. The terms mentorship are designated to staff nurses who engage in a multitude of roles supporting student nurses in the clinical setting. (Quinn2000). And reducing the theory practice gap (Earnsaw 1995). Mentorship is a mechanism that promotes safe and effective practice, maintains standards and accountability, and develops nurse practitioners autonomy. Proctor (1998) has grouped supervisees' skills under three functions: formative, supportive and normative. Supervisee should be keen, capable, trustworthy, attentive, ... ...ellor:Acyclical Model. 2nd Edition. London. Roultedge. Power S (1999) Nursing Supervision. A guide for clinical practice. London: Sage. Proctor (1988) supervision: a working alliance. London: Alexia, Scanlon C, Weir W S (197) learning from practice? Mental health nurses' perceptions and experiences of clinical supervision. Journal of advanced nursing 26,295-303. Watson N. A., 1999. Mentoring today-the students' views. An investigative case study of pre-registration nursing students' experiences and perceptions of mentoring in one theory/practice module of the Common Foundation Programme on a Project 2000 course. Journal of Advanced Nursing 29, pp. 254-262. Wong S (1979) Nurse teacher behaviour in clinical field:Apparent effects on nursing students' learning. Journal of advance learning, 3 ,369-378 The Skills and Qualities Necessary Required to Establish and Maintain a The Skills and Qualities Necessary Required to Establish and Maintain an Effective Working Relationship In this essay I have chosen to explore the skills and qualities required to establish and maintain an effective working relationship with my mentor in practice in the role of supervisee. I will discuss communication skills, willingness to learn, self-awareness, assertiveness, open-mindedness, reflective skills as criteria of mentee to establish working relationship with mentor. The term mentor originates from Greek mythology, was first introduce in academic and business world of north America (Laurent 1998) used in United Kingdom with the implementation of project 2000 in the national health service (Bracken 1989) to help smooth transition from student to professional. (Philips et al 1996, Grey M and Smith1999). The dictionary defines a mentor as a trusted counselor or guide. A mentor is generally an influential, experienced individual with whom mentee establish a personal relationship and who actively helps mentee reach their goals. The terms mentorship are designated to staff nurses who engage in a multitude of roles supporting student nurses in the clinical setting. (Quinn2000). And reducing the theory practice gap (Earnsaw 1995). Mentorship is a mechanism that promotes safe and effective practice, maintains standards and accountability, and develops nurse practitioners autonomy. Proctor (1998) has grouped supervisees' skills under three functions: formative, supportive and normative. Supervisee should be keen, capable, trustworthy, attentive, ... ...ellor:Acyclical Model. 2nd Edition. London. Roultedge. Power S (1999) Nursing Supervision. A guide for clinical practice. London: Sage. Proctor (1988) supervision: a working alliance. London: Alexia, Scanlon C, Weir W S (197) learning from practice? Mental health nurses' perceptions and experiences of clinical supervision. Journal of advanced nursing 26,295-303. Watson N. A., 1999. Mentoring today-the students' views. An investigative case study of pre-registration nursing students' experiences and perceptions of mentoring in one theory/practice module of the Common Foundation Programme on a Project 2000 course. Journal of Advanced Nursing 29, pp. 254-262. Wong S (1979) Nurse teacher behaviour in clinical field:Apparent effects on nursing students' learning. Journal of advance learning, 3 ,369-378

Evolving of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay

Evolving of Characters in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen creates a unique environment which allows her characters to evolve and to transform. One of the characters, Elizabeth Bennet, the second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, faces challenges that impact her decisive demeanor. Likewise, Fitzwilliam Darcy, Elizabeth’s love interest, confronts many obstacles which come against his character as well. Through several key experiences, both Elizabeth and Darcy undergo internal transformations – Elizabeth’s quick judgments become humbleness while Darcy’s arrogance is replaced with humility. Early in the novel, Elizabeth is quick to judge and criticize others. Elizabeth rapidly judges Wickham, a military man of Darcy’s acquaintance, as an upstanding gentleman. Mingling falsehoods with truth, Wickham misleads Elizabeth to believe not only lies about Darcy but also disadvantages he himself suffered (76). Perceiving his words as truth by the sole authority of his countenance (178), Elizabeth’s quick judgment allows her to unwisely trust in Wickham’s â€Å"amiable† character (77). Elizabeth also does not hesitate to criticize Darcy for his rude and proud demeanor. After Elizabeth hears Darcy speaking of her â€Å"tolerable† features to Bingley (15), Darcy’s good friend and owner of an estate located in the same shire as that of the Bennets, Elizabeth passes judgment on Darcy by gossiping â€Å"with great spirit among her friends,† recounting the story of his description of her beauty (15-16). Criticizing Darcy furt her, Elizabeth expresses how his arrogant demeanor offends her, proclaiming â€Å"I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine.† (24) Elizabeth is also quick to judge Bin... ...rous to please.† (224). Additionally, Darcy’s humility allows him to help Wickham and Lydia, Elizabeth’s youngest sister who elopes with Wickham. Before his transformation, even the pronunciation of the name Wickham and the silliness of Lydia would have kept Darcy as far as possible from either (172, 175). Because of his newfound humility, however, Darcy takes upon himself all the â€Å"trouble and mortification† of locating Wickham and Lydia and bribing the former into marrying the latter (277). Changing from their former selves to embrace new identities, Darcy and Elizabeth learn to look past arrogance and criticalness to gentler ways of approaching both people and circumstances. They transform. And although Elizabeth’s shortcomings reside in her mind and Darcy’s in his money, both lose sight of their prideful and prejudiced natures to embrace humility.

Management and Acceptance Theory

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF MANAGEMENT SUBJECT CODE –B-101 PART ONE Multiple Choice Questions with Single Response: Q1. A Plan is a trip laid to capture the ___________________ a. Future b. Past c. Policy d. Procedure Q2. It is the function of employing suitable person for the enterprise: a. Organizing b. Staffing c. Directing d. Controlling Q3. _________________ means â€Å"group of activities & employees into departments. † a. Orientation b. Standardization c. Process d. Departmentation Q4. This theory states that authority is the power that is accepted by others: a. Acceptance theory b. Competence theory c. Formal authority theory d. Informal authority theory Q5. It means dispersal of decision-making power to the lower levels of the organization: a. Decentralization b. Centralization c. Deispersion d. Delegation Q6. This chart is the basic document of the organizational structure: a. Functional chart b. Posts chart c. Master chart d. Departmental chart Q7. Communications which flow from superiors to subordinates with the help of scalar chain is known as: a. Informal communication b. Downward communication c. Upward communication d. Oral communication Q8. Needs for belongingness, friendship, love, affection, attention & social acceptance are: a. Physiological needs b. Safety needs c. Ego needs d. Social needs Q9. A management function which ensures â€Å"jobs to be filled with the right people, with the right knowledge, skill & attitudes†: a. Staffing defined b. Job analysis c. Manpower planning d. Recruitment Q10. It is a process that enables a person to sort out issues and reach to a decisions affecting their life: a. Selection b. Raining c. Reward d. Counseling PART TWO Short Notes Type Questions: Q1. Differentiate between ‘Administration’ and ‘Management’. Q2. What were the common drawbacks in classical and Neo classical theories of management? Q3. Write a short note on â€Å"Line Organization†. Q4. Write a short note on ‘Acceptance theory’. Answer 2: Classical theories of management relate to the earliest theories of management, that really led to recognition of management as and independent discipline of work and study. These included the ideas of pioneers like Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank Gilbreth. Max Weber, and Henry Fayol. These theories came into being beginning from late nineteenth century and were considered the core of management theory till about 1930's. Neo-classical theories of management developed during 1920's and later. These can be broadly divides in two groups – theories related to human aspects of management, and quantitative management techniques. Each of the theories under classical and neo-classical groups have their own values and limitations. But when we come to the common drawbacks of these theories, i can think of only one. All these theories concentrated on some limited aspect of management, and treated is as if it is the sole or most important aspect of management. Also, as would be natural to any developing discipline of management. Thus while people like Taylor concentrated too much on physical aspects of work, people connected with Hawthorne Studies, erroneously believed that they have discovered truths about shop-floor practices of workmen till then totally unknown to others, and concluded that the key to management lies only in promoting appropriate group behavior. Answer 3: Line organization is the most oldest and simplest method of administrative organization. According to this type of organization, the authority flows from top to bottom in a concern. The line of command is carried out from top to bottom. This is the reason for calling this organization as scalar organization which means scalar chain of command is a part and parcel of this type of administrative organization. In this type of organization, the line of command flows on an even basis without any gaps in communication and co- ordination taking place. Features of Line Organization 1. It is the simplest form of organization. 2. Line of authority flows from top to bottom. 3. Specialized and supportive services do not take place in these organizations. 4. Unified control by the line officers can be maintained since they can independently take decisions in their areas and spheres. This kind of organization always helps in bringing efficiency in communication and bringing stability to a concern. Merits of line Organization: 1. Simplest- It is the most simple and oldest method of administration. 2. Unity of Command: In these organizations, superioir-subordiante relationship is maintained and scalar chain of command flows from top to bottom. 3. Better Discipline: The control is unified and concentrates on one person and therefore, he can independently make decision of his own. Unified control ensures better discipline. 4. Flexibility: There is a co-ordination between the top most authority and bottom line authority. 5. Prompt decision: Due to the factors of fixed responsibility and unity of command, the officials can take prompt decision. Demerits of Line Organization: 1. Over reliance: The line executive’s decisions are implemented to the bottom. This results in over-relying on the line officials. 2. Lack of specialization: A line organization flows from a scalar chain from top to bottom and there is no scope for specialized functions. 3. Inadequate communication: The policies and strategies which are framed by the top authority are carried out in the same way. This leaves no scope for communication from the other end. The complaints and suggestions of lower authority are not communicated back to the top authority. So there is one way communications. 4. Lack of co- ordination: Whatever decisions are taken by the line officials, in certain situations wrong decisions, are carried down and implemented in the same way. Therefore, the degree of effective co-ordination is less. 5. Authority leadership: The line officials have tendency to misuse their authority positions. This leads to autocratic leadership and monopoly in the concern. Answer4: The â€Å"acceptance theory† is a philosophy which argues that â€Å"authority does not depend as much on ‘persons of authority' who give orders as on the willingness of those who receive the orders to comply with them. This idea combines both the traditional approach to management of a â€Å"top- down† structure where subordinates are to comply with the decisions of management. Yet, it is also embracing a more modern understanding of management, where this compliance is not blind and done without some level of questioning. If one were to buy the â€Å"acceptance theory† of management, then one also has to accept that subordinates do possess some level of intrinsic power that requires explanation, articulation, and clear definition of company policies and initiatives. In the â€Å"acceptance theory† model of management, the company's superiors must have a rapport with their subordinates so that this communication is evident, for their understanding and willingness to accept decisions, comply with policy, and fulfill management vision is essential. To accept â€Å"acceptance theory,† management must â€Å"accept† the premise that their workers have to be â€Å"accepted† as beings with their own sense of autonomy, freedom, and reasonability, as opposed to drones who will blindly follow where the company leads.

Metabolism

Now that you be familiar with the organise of prokaryotic carrellph adepts, we outho practise discuss the activities that brook these microbes to thrive. The keep support practise of heretofore the most structur whollyy simple worldness entails a cosmic flesh of multiform bio chemic substance substance substance substance substance substance receptions. Most, although non all, of the bio chemic processes of bacterium also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the electric cellular telephones of multicellular existences, including humans. However, the receptions that ar comical to bacteria argon fascinating beca utilisation they support micro existences to do things we fuck non do (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). For deterrent example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) rear grow on diets of much(prenominal) in constitutional substances as degree centigrade dioxide, iron, sulfur, atomic number 1 gas, and ammonia.This paper examines some representative chemi c replys that distributively produce nonhing (the katabolic re put to deaths) or use cogency (the anabolic receptions) in microorganisms. We will also appear at how these various receptions be merged within the cell.II. DiscussionA. Catabolic and anabolic ReactionsWe use the term metabolism to refer to the brotherhoodmation of all chemical substance reactions within a animation organism. Because chemical reactions either sp ar or offspring in zero, metabolism hindquarters be viewed as an nada-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism tail be divided into devil classes of chemical reactionsthose that spillage null and those that rent capacity. In nutrition cells, the chemical reactions that make out heftiness ar by and large the ones involved in catabolism, the raiddown of entangled organic compounds into simpler ones. These reactions be called katabolic, or degradative, reactions.On the sepa step hand, the power-requiring reactions argon broad ly speaking involved in anabolism, the build of convoluted organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions be called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes practically involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and require dynamism to form a sensitive chemical bonds.Examples of anabolic processes are the shaping of proteins from aminic acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions scram the materials for cell branch. Catabolic reactions are principally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy when they are tough, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.Catabolic reactions impart the energy needed to place anabolic reactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is do contingent through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (adenosine tri orthophosphate). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to endeavor anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and one-third phosphate roots.When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (automatic data processing) is create, and energy is released to press anabolic reactions. Using P to represent a phosphate group, we discount write this reaction as (ATP adenosine diphosphate + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is employ to meld ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy ATP).Thus, anabolic reactions are conjugate to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are conjugate to ATP synthesis. This concept of pair reactions is actually important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly ever-ever-changing some m olecules are beingness lowly down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the spiritedness of a cell ( metabolism What is it but and how fast or slow should it be?).B. EnzymesChemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are form or broken. In order for reactions to get a line place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a meeting produces a reaction depends on the f number of the particles, the amount of energy required to initiation the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific build of the particles. The physiological temperature and contract of organisms are as well as low for chemical reactions to occur accelerateily ample to maintain the life of the organism. altitude the temperature and pull and the number of reacting molecules potentiometer append the relative frequency of shocks and the stride of chemical reactions. However, much(prenominal) changes could wrongfulness or kill the or ganism. The living cells solution to this bother is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes green goddess hurry up chemical reactions in some(prenominal) elans. For example, an enzyme whitethorn bring two reactant molecules pen up unneurotic and may properly eastward them to react. all(prenominal) the method, the final result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure deep down the cell (Immobilized Enzymes washbasin tour Bioterrorism, 2003).Substances that gouge speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being adapted are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes military service as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. distributively acts on specific substance, called the enzymes substratum (or substratums when there are two or more(prenominal) reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, saccharose (table sugar) is the substratum of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.The specificity of enzymes is do possible by their anatomical structures. Enzymes are broadly speaking globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to some(prenominal) million. distributively of the thousands of known enzymes has a peculiar(prenominal)s cubic make with a specific aerofoil physical body as a result of its primary, secondary, and ordinal structures. The rum abidance of each enzyme enables it to stupefy the correct substratum from among the large number of diverse molecules in the cell (Immobilized Enzymes Can book Bioterrorism, 2003).C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic ActivitySeveral factors submit the operation of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substratum niggardness, and inhibitors.a.) TemperatureThe rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more soft at low than at high temperature s and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a sure temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This lessening is receivable to the enzymes denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-d structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).Most enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. in a higher place or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and thus the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ dumbness (pH) in the medium is changed, some(prenominal) of the enzymes amino acids are affected and the proteins three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). substrate ConcentrationThere is a upper limit rate at which a authentic amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. provided when th e immersion of substrate(s) is passing high can this maximum rate be attained. down the stairs conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated that is, its nimble rank is invariably occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a notwithstanding increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all wide awake sites are already in used. If a substrates concentration exceeds a cells intensiveness level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increase only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). However, at a lower place natural cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are abeyant for lack of substrate thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration.InhibitorsAn effective way to manipulate the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and pr so fart them from functioning. As a result, the cells interference functioning and die.Enzyme inhibitors are classified correspond to their mechanism of action as competitory inhibitors and non hawkish inhibitors. agonistical inhibitors fill the industrious site of an enzyme and struggle with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate.Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzymes active site sooner they interact with other part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (other quadrangle) inhibition, an enzymes activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by dorsum of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrates binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).II I. ConclusionIn conclusion, the agree of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions unremarkably release energy. anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are feature to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes.ReferenceNeidhardt, F.C. and K.E. train Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, caliph Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. metabolism What Is It Exactly and How degenerate or tor pid Should It Be? The upper-case letter Times, January 31, 2006. Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism. USA straight off (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003MetabolismThe life support activity of even the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all, of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they give microorganisms to do things we cannot do (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). For example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can grow on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia.This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce energy (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also aspect at h ow these various reactions are incorporate within the cell.II. DiscussionA. Catabolic and Anabolic ReactionsWe use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into two classes of chemical reactionsthose that release energy and those that require energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.These reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions. On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reaction s that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical bonds.Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (ATP). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups. When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions.Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this reaction as (ATP ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy ATP). Thus, anabolic reactions are linked to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is rattling important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing some molecules are being broken down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the life of a cell (Metabolism What is it precisely and how fast or slow should it be?).B. EnzymesChemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the speed of the particles, the amount of energy required to offset the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific configuration of the particles. The physiological temperature and pressure of organisms are to a fault low for chemical reactions to occur quick enough to maintain the life of the organism. Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such changes could damage or kill the organism.The living cells solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in several ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules close together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure inside the cell (Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzymes substrate (or substrates when there are two or more reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional shape with a specific surface configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to find the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molec ules in the cell (Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic ActivitySeveral factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.a.) TemperatureThe rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This decrease is due to the enzymes denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).b.) pHMost enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, many of the enzymes amino acids are affected and the proteins three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).c.) Substrate ConcentrationThere is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is extremely high can this maximum rate be attained. Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a further increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrates concentration exceeds a cells saturation level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). However, under normal cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration.d.) InhibitorsAn effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells stop functioning and die.Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate.Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzymes active site instead they interact with another part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (other space) inhibition, an enzymes activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrates binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characte ristic three-dimensional shapes.ReferenceNeidhardt, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. Metabolism What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be? The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism. USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003