Motivation and Conflict Management Essay -- Workplace

demand and Conflict Management Organizations deform for creative ways to enhance employee motivation and result employments with the desire to experience employees perform better in spite of appearance the workplace. To run one has to be motivated. motive within the workplace has to be constant and requiring a goal. Motivation, if not repeated will not last. Therefore, learning to determine how several(predicate) organizations apply motivation theories to motivate employees, analyzing conflict management strategies and what approaches work best in different organizations will influence the success of an organization. Motivation Theories and Organizational BehaviorMotivation is the concept of stimulating or arousing a person to achieve a goal. Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they ar absent, motivation is absent too (What is Motivation and How to Strengthen It, para. 1). Motivation theories are unique to each organization. Some organizations ha ve come up with motivation theories such as setting work goals, job performance evaluations, and reasonably treatment policies within the work environment to hold employees motivated. The impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within organizations is Organizational Behavior. Motivation is affected by organisational behaviors, which is why different organizations apply motivation theories to motivate employees. Applying Motivation Theories to Motivate EmployeesKeeping workers motivated in today workplace can be not just a job, but also an adventure. In many organizations this is a challenge because the workplace is made up of a diverse cultural environment. Managers are still the driving force for any origin and the responsibility and demand to ac... ...ional behavior. Team B was able to discuss and analyze different conflict strategies employ in the workplace. The research educates Team B to how organizations carry through various theories and str ategies in accordance with their work environments.Works CitedLewis, Clive (2007) Human resource management international digest. Bradford 2007. Vol 15, Iss.4 pg. 3.Sasson, R. (2001-2010). SuccessConsciousness.com. Retrieved from http//www.successconsciousness.com/strengthen_motivation.htm Swinton, Lyndsay (2006). workplace Conflict Management Strategy for Successful Resolution. Retrieved November 14, 2010 from http//www.mftrou.com/workplace-conflict-management-strategy.html tush R. Schermerhorn, James G. Hunt, Richard N. Osborn (2008). Organizational Behavior 10th ED. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from Academic Search Motivation and Conflict Management Essay -- WorkplaceMotivation and Conflict Management Organizations strive for creative ways to enhance employee motivation and resolve conflicts with the desire to have employees perform better within the workplace. To motivate one has to be motivated. Motivation within the workplace has to be constant and requiring a goal. Motivation, if not repeated will not last. Therefore, learning to determine how different organizations apply motivation theories to motivate employees, analyzing conflict management strategies and what approaches work best in different organizations will influence the success of an organization. Motivation Theories and Organizational BehaviorMotivation is the concept of stimulating or arousing a person to achieve a goal. Motivation has much to do with desire and ambition, and if they are absent, motivation is absent too (What is Motivation and How to Strengthen It, para. 1). Motivation theories are unique to each organization. Some organizations have come up with motivation theories such as setting work goals, job performance evaluations, and fair treatment policies within the work environment to keep employees motivated. The impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behavior within organizations is Organizational Behavior. Motivatio n is affected by organizational behaviors, which is why different organizations apply motivation theories to motivate employees. Applying Motivation Theories to Motivate EmployeesKeeping workers motivated in today workplace can be not just a job, but also an adventure. In many organizations this is a challenge because the workplace is made up of a diverse cultural environment. Managers are still the driving force for any business and the responsibility and demand to ac... ...ional behavior. Team B was able to discuss and analyze different conflict strategies used in the workplace. The research educates Team B to how organizations implement various theories and strategies in accordance with their work environments.Works CitedLewis, Clive (2007) Human resource management international digest. Bradford 2007. Vol 15, Iss.4 pg. 3.Sasson, R. (2001-2010). SuccessConsciousness.com. Retrieved from http//www.successconsciousness.com/strengthen_motivation.htm Swinton, Lyndsay (2006). Workplace Conflict Management Strategy for Successful Resolution. Retrieved November 14, 2010 from http//www.mftrou.com/workplace-conflict-management-strategy.htmlJohn R. Schermerhorn, James G. Hunt, Richard N. Osborn (2008). Organizational Behavior 10th ED. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from Academic Search

Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

In the first B.C dramatist known asAristotle started to write a series of plays called thetragedies. They were as follows the play revolved around agreat man, such as a king or war crampfish, who had a tragicflaw. This flaw would as yettually become his downfall and hewould fall from his glory. In the case of obvious it was hishubris and Oedipus, his pride and curiosity. Through out theplay the hero has many opportunities to overcome hismistakes. On the other side, the reason that his nature hesarcomas to it and deals with a sever punishment. Eventhough these types of plays are still written today mostauthors have alter their loom of writing a disaster. Anexample is Author Miller. He attempts to illustrate themisfortune in the common man he makes this in Death to aSalesman. According to Arthur Miller, "the tragic feeling isevoked in us when we are in the presence of a characterwho ready to put his biography aside, if necessary, to see to it onething - his sense of persona l dignity." (Tragedy and theCommon Man p.1) He is saying in this quotation is that eventhat the common man can even be tragic becauseoccasionally the one thing that she prizes the most, his senseof self-dignity, can be so jaded that he will sacrifice his ownlife to secure this dignity. In Death to a Salesman, ArthurMiller successfully shows that you do not have to besomeone important or king to show that. The classical modelof a tragedy is that of someone of a high position containssuperior qualities such as leadership for instance a king. even so the hero always has a flaw, which may be anexcess of one of these qualities such as hubris. This herowhile trying to accomplish a destruction such as a quest willeventually be dealt punishment, which is usually death. Onecould argue that not only Aristotles definition of tragedy istrue but that there can be many different kinds of tragedies.From the tragedy of a common man to that of a family orgroup of people. In opposition to Arist otles view one couldargue that any type of man could show tragic qualities, nomatter what social environment the man comes from. Thehero could range from a highly intellectual and educated manwith great potential but whose flaw is lack of motivation, to acrack addict bread and butter on the street who refuses to enter rehab.The fate of people such as this might not be as appalling asdeath however may be economic failure or social rejection.

Cricket In Australia In The 1920s :: essays research papers fc

Cricket is a game now vie all over the world. plump for in the 1920s there were two main teams, Australia and England. The Ashes ar a series of cricket hear matches between Australia and England. The first Ashes test ever played was on March 15th 1877 in Australia. Since then Ashes tests between Australia and England have flourished numbering a series approximately every three years. The overall Ashes results are in favor of Australia, while since 1989 the Ashes series have all been won by Australia. The 1920s Ashes saw a more even event with England winning two series, Australia three. Although Australia won 13 tests to Englands six with six draws all in England.The first Ashes series in Australia was in 1920-21. This series was dominated by Australia winning all five tests. This was the first English team to tour Australia since the war, but it was delayed by an outbreak of typhus on the passenger beam carrying the English team. Australia placed seven test debutants under th e captaincy of Warwick Armstrong, and yet they seemed too experienced and too good for England. The team was W. Armstrong, W. Bardsley, H. Collins, J Gregory, C. Kelleway, A. Mailey, G. McDonald, W. Oldfield, C. Pellew, J. Ryder and J. Taylor. The first test in Sydney never from the outlook looked like a two teamed race, rather a spectacle to see how much Australia could win by. Armstrong won his first of many flip overes and distinct to bat first, Australia making 267 on a pitch favoring the bowlers. England, on the second day crumbled being spun out for a timid 190 and in react Australia made 581, with centuries to Collins the opener and Armstrong the captain. This meant England needed 658 on the last two days. Australias superior bowling attack dismissed England for 281, 377 short.The second test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground was no closer. Australia batted first and made 499 with centuries to Pellew and Gregory. Australia then bowled England out for 251 with inspirational Gregory taking 7/69. Enforcing the follow on, Australias bowlers took advantage of the mental advance of England and bundled them out for 157 winning by an innings and 91 runs.The third test in Adelaide beginning on January 14 was by far the closest test. Australia winning the toss decided to bat for the third time in a row. On a road like pitch Australia hit a comparatively feeble 354.

Greeks :: essays research papers fc

GreeksGreek beliefs changed over time. In the beginning the Greeks believed strongly in the gods. These ideas were very similar to those of earlier peoples (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). The Greek gods shared many of the same characteristics of the Mesopotamian deities (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). The Greek pantheon consisted of the twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). These gods were -Zeus, the father of the gods, -Hera, his wife, -Zeuss siblings Poseidon, his brother, god of seas and earthquakes, Hestia, his sister, goddess of the hearth, Demeter, his sister, goddess of kitchen-gardening and marriage, -Zeuss children Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty, Apollo, god of sun, music, poetry, and prophecy, Ares, god of war, Artemis, goddess of the moon and the hunt, Athena, goddess of wisdom and the arts, Hephaestus, god of fire and metallurgy, -Hermes, messenger of the gods (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). The gods were seen as behaving very much as mortal creation behaved, except that they possessed superhuman qualities and they were immortal (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). These qualities are shown in many of the stories that are passed down through Greek history. The Greeks respect for their gods came partially out of fear. An moral of superhuman qualities to be feared is stated in TheogonyThen Zeus no longer held back his might but straight his heart was filled with fierceness and he showed forth all his strength. From Heaven and from Olympus he came immediately, hurling his lightning the bolts flew thick and fast from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame. The life-giving earth crashed around in burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about. All the land seethed, and Oceans streams and the unfruitful sea. The hot vaporization lapped round the earthborn Titans flame unspeakable rose to the bright upper air the flashing glare of the thunderstone and lightning blinded their e yes for all that they were strong(Hesiod 10). The Greeks believed that the will of the gods was inviolable So it is not possible to deceive or go beyond the will of Zeus (Hesiod 9). As time continued the Greeks beliefs changed in some ways. nigh Greeks began to speculate about the nature of the world and its origin. In doing this they made guesses that were completely naturalistic and did not include any reference to supernatural powers or anything else master (Craig, Graham, et.

African American Bell Curve Essay -- essays research papers

The bell curve of African American rights has insurrectionn and fallen throughout America&8217s history. The period between the Pre-Civil War Era and the Post Civil War Era, were momentous in displaying the spot and rights of African-Americans in the time. As the Civil War approached, the status of African-Americans was an increasingly troubling issue among the American Public. During the War, the bell&8217s curve had reached its height. And during the Post-Civil War, the curve fell slowly and would not rise once more for another cytosine years. The cause of this racial bell curve is a series of political and social events that directly affected the lives of African Americans. The Compromise of 1850 pronounced the initial rise of Black loss of rights in this period. Previously, it was possible for sexual unionerners to ferry slaves to their freedom. However, &8220Included in the compromise were funds budgeted specifically for catching fugitive slaves and prosecuting anyone lendi ng assistance in the effort (Kevin Holloway, The Fugitive Slave Act and the Compromise of 1850). With specific funds that were directed in catching fugitive slaves, white bounty hunters could freely raid the North and search for fugitive slaves. These brutal hunters could now abduct any Black person left alone. Many Blacks that were never in bondage were kidnapped and taken to the southernmost to be slaves. This legislation limited the rights of African Americans and enabled the white populous to oppress African Americans. The bell curve approached its peak when the novel Uncle Tom&8217s cabin was introduced to American Culture. This novel, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a revelation to the North because it displayed the cruelty of the southern trade practice. This single piece of literature created uproar throughout the country. The North was shock by its tale of tragedy, deceit and hate. The South was outraged by its conception of slavery and its bashing of the southern culture. Either way, it marked an event in American floor that would change history forever. African American status was now a major issue among Americans. Abraham Lincoln, in remarks to her book, once said to Harriet Beecher Stowe, &8220So you are the short lady that caused the big war. The quote displays the impact in which this one novel broug... ...created by Lincoln to educate the Freemen, and to make sure that the Blacks were not totally mere(a) of their rights. Along with the Freedmen Bureau, various laws and codes were passed (that had little effect) that also protected the rights of Blacks. After the Civil War, it was a time of Reconstruction. The Black Slave Factor was eliminated blacks were now ignored and would not be heard for another 100 years. The bell&8217s curve fell. Between the Pre-Civil War and Post Civil War periods, the rights and social place of Blacks had uprise and fell similarly to that of the curve of a bell. The height of the curve reached its peak during the war, and fell after. The Compromise of 1850, Uncle Toms Cabin, and John Brown&8217s rebellion all marked the rise in the bell curve. The Civil War, and the Emancipation Proclamtion marked the peak in the bell curve. The 13th and 14th amendments, along with the Jim Crow laws and the establishment of the Freedmen&8217s Bureau all marked the decline in the Bell curve. 100 years later, the bell&8217s curve would reach its climax once again during the Civil Rights Movement, and once again, fall.

African American Bell Curve Essay -- essays research papers

The bell coil of African American rights has risen and fallen throughout America&8217s history. The period between the Pre- gracious War date of reference and the Post Civil War Era, were momentous in displaying the status and rights of African-Americans in the time. As the Civil War approached, the status of African-Americans was an increasingly troubling issue among the American Public. During the War, the bell&8217s curve had reached its height. And during the Post-Civil War, the curve fell slowly and would not rise again for another atomic number 6 years. The cause of this racial bell curve is a series of political and social events that directly affected the lives of African Americans. The via media of 1850 marked the initial rise of Black loss of rights in this period. Previously, it was doable for Northerners to ferry slaves to their freedom. However, &8220Included in the compromise were funds budgeted specifically for catching fugitive slaves and prosecuting anyone lend ing assistance in the effort (Kevin Holloway, The Fugitive Slave Act and the Compromise of 1850). With specific funds that were directed in catching fugitive slaves, white bounty hunters could freely raid the North and search for fugitive slaves. These brutal hunters could at present abduct any Black person left alone. Many Blacks that were never in bondage were kidnapped and taken to the southwestward to be slaves. This legislation limited the rights of African Americans and enabled the white populous to oppress African Americans. The bell curve approached its peak when the novel Uncle Tom&8217s Cabin was introduced to American Culture. This novel, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was a divine revelation to the North because it displayed the cruelty of the southern trade practice. This single piece of literature created uproar throughout the country. The North was outraged by its tale of tragedy, deceit and hate. The South was outraged by its conception of slavery and its bashing of the southern culture. Either way, it marked an event in American History that would change history forever. African American status was now a major issue among Americans. Abraham Lincoln, in remarks to her book, once said to Harriet Beecher Stowe, &8220So you are the little lady that caused the big war. The quote displays the cushion in which this one novel broug... ...created by Lincoln to educate the Freemen, and to make sure that the Blacks were not totally stripped of their rights. Along with the Freedmen Bureau, various laws and codes were passed (that had little effect) that likewise protected the rights of Blacks. After the Civil War, it was a time of Reconstruction. The Black Slave Factor was eliminated blacks were now ignored and would not be heard for another 100 years. The bell&8217s curve fell. Between the Pre-Civil War and Post Civil War periods, the rights and social place of Blacks had risen and fell similarly to that of the curve of a bell. The height of the curve re ached its peak during the war, and fell after. The Compromise of 1850, Uncle Toms Cabin, and John Brown&8217s rebellion all marked the rise in the bell curve. The Civil War, and the Emancipation Proclamtion marked the peak in the bell curve. The 13th and 14th amendments, along with the Jim Crow laws and the establishment of the Freedmen&8217s Bureau all marked the celestial latitude in the Bell curve. 100 years later, the bell&8217s curve would reach its climax once again during the Civil Rights Movement, and once again, fall.

Are Government Attempts to Control Population Ineffective? Essay

Today, keeping control of the tribe is a huge issue that is on all of the world leaders minds. The amount of nation you build in your country is hugely important to whether you shoot enough resources, jobs, food, education, health serve etc. It is mandatory that presidencys keep a track of the population and keep a lid on it if necessary. Many countries take hold implemented schemes, laws and policies that have tried and true to change the population demographic for the better of the country. I am going to discuss whether these policies have been effective in their job in controlling population, or not.In China 1979, a famous policy was instigated by Deng Xiaoping that limited married couples to have only 1 child. It was the One-Child Policy. The reasons for its introduction were that previous to Deng, monoamine oxidase Zedong had encouraged large families to increase productivity. The birth appraise in 1970 was 33.43, so Deng knew something had to be d ane otherwise they w ould be seeing mass starvation for everyone by the end of the 20th century if the birth rate continued to rise. They introduced many incentives to give people more of a motivation to have fewer children 5-10% honorarium bonus for limiting to one childPriority in housing, education and health care for only childrenHigher pensions on retirement for limiting to one childMany sanctions were also introduced if the policy was not stuck to10% salary reduction for having two childrenNo extra space allocation for having two childrenCouples have to apply for the right to have childrenThe One-Child Policy seemed originally analogous a hopefully effective plan, but there were many fundamental flaws that the Chinese government did not think through. For example it plays unfair against the different classes. They did not take into account that rural families need more farm hands and they usually have more children because of this. They paid fines for having more children, which were paid to the rich urban couples who, due to their busy lives, stopped reproducing at the one-child limit anyway. too, boys were invaluable to rural families as they were hygienic and would eventually provide for their elderly parents when they grew up. Girls on the other hand were unwanted as they were less strong and would provide for their husbands family not her give birth elderly parents. This caused a huge gender imbalance because sexism against girls began and many young couples purposefully starved or killed their baby girls to have another chance for a boy.This means that now there is an unbalanced ratio of boys to girls 12 10. This makes it hard for men to find partners and there are many incidents of forced marriages, prostitution and catch as women have become a commodity. There were many procedures done alongside the One-Child Policy to help decrease the fertility rate. They were effective but extremely brutal and in human racee forced abortions were carried out on a massive sc ale. Unwilling women were thrown in cells and tortured until they admitted to having an abortion. In 1983 alone 16 billion abortions were conducted- that is 44000 abortions a day. Additionally, many couples were sterilised which denied them of their reproductive rights. There were high numbers of infanticide many children (mainly girls) were abandoned by their parents and were taken into orphanages. Yet these orphanages were seriously undermanned because of the pass away to see the increase in abandoned children.The children often suffered tragically as the carers had little knowledge of childcare- 9 out of every 10 children died within one year of being admitted. Furthermore, skulls of infants were being crushed or injected with lethal medicine to place a cap on population growth. Doctors faced demotions, salary cuts or dismissal if they did not comply. These procedures were one of the worst human rights violations that happened related to the policy. The policy did bring success however, as it prevented 400 million additional births which would have set(p) a monumental burden on the population and government. The lower population has been beneficial to the environment and there are more resources to go around. Children in urban areas have received much better education and more attention and there will therefore be many talented intellectuals emerging from the population in twenty years.It has changed a country with high birth rates, low death rates and high natural increase to a country with low birth rates, low death rates and low natural increase. It has therefore continued through the stages of the Demographic Transition Model and is now almost at stage 4 of the model. Maternal and infant mortality rates have reduced and the average life expectancy has increased. Should the policy be continued, Chinas population will eventually peak at around 1.5 billion in around 2050, there will be more food and resources to go around, and literary rates will be at Western standards. Also the falling growth rate is estimated to level out and stable as a gentle, manageable natural increase. Nevertheless, today the unforeseen social problems of the poorly planned policy are revealing themselves to the world.There was a tragic disregard for human rights and life during the time when the policy was at its strictest. The worry now is for the future working generations because between 1949 and 1988 Chinas population almost doubled and these people are now of child-bearing age and by the 2030s will start to enter the over 60s category. There will be an ageing demographic. This will create a very high dependency ratio and put strain on the working people. The future economic consequences are uncertain due to the rapid rate of growth of Chinas economy.This case study should have showed how there are positives and negatives to a national population policy that is implemented suddenly into a country. To answer the question succinctly, no, government poli cies are not ineffective because they work at reducing birth rate, decreasing fertility and controlling the inhabitants of the country, but its the social and ethical impacts and consequences that need evaluating.I personally think that it worked in reducing population growth but the human cost may have far succeeded the supposed benefit due to the large loss of life that should not have been lost and the denial of many basic human rights. Also you may have to take into account that this policy was forced upon the Chinese people by their own government and it was their own leaders that allowed all the monstrosities like abortion and infanticide to take place. Therefore to put concisely, methods of the government to control the population are effective for their simple use but in my view I think that they need to be planned expertly and seriously thought through otherwise a huge unwanted loss of life bear occur.

Pathophysiology of admitting diagnosis

Syncope (fainting) is a loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain. There are several(prenominal) types of syncope, such as vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus syncope, and situational syncope. Vasovagal syncope is triggered by emotional stress, pain, the sight of blood, trauma or prolonged standing. Carotid sinus syncope occurs when at that place is constriction of the carotid artery. Situational syncope happens during urination, defecation, coughing, or gastrointestinal stimulation.Textbook signs and symptoms include dizziness, lightheaded, nauseous, cold, and clammy. Syncope can also be a symptom of heart disease, abnormalities, and neurological disorders. Complications that occur due to syncope include reduced level of consciousness and surrenders. If an older adult falls, complications such as, broken hips or limbs may result. Precaution should be taken for a person with syncope to decrease the risk of injury to the individual. Assessment prioritie s include monitoring vital signs, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood work.Nursing diagnosis/ Interventions Risk for Falls * Complete a fall-risk assessment for older adults in acute care. Recognize that risk factors for falling include recent history of falls, confusion, depression, modify elimination patterns, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, hypotension, dizziness, and altered mobility. * Assess the client for the ability to supine to sit, sit supported and unsupported, standing, walking and turning around, and transferring. * Assess lab results and signs and symptoms of infection, dehydration and hypotension.If the client has hypertension, anti-hypertensives may be the result. * Encourage the client to wear glasses and use walking aids when ambulating. * Make sure the client has a fall risk hand band on while under care in the hospital facility. * Teach the client the importance of using her prosthetic limb. * identify her to physical therapy for the correct usag e of her prosthetic limb. * Teach the client the importance of living in a home free of clutter such as slippery floors, scattered rugs, unleveled stairs or furniture.

Havisham and Havisham

female child Havisham and Havisham Two Entirely Different People Carol Anne Duffys poem is intertextual. The character Havisham was built, off of Charles devil Great Expectations and to a greater extent specific eachy off of get out Havisham. Both Miss Havisham and Havisham ar described as decaying skeletons and beca expend of their corresponding names it would make sense to think of them as the same person, exclusively are they really? At my first glance it seemed as if both heller and Duffys Havisham were the same character and I will admit there are some similarities like their obsession, moreover even these so called similarities exact differences at their core.In reality they are rattling different characters that act differently and have different personalities. Even the way they are depicted, is very differently from unity another, but when ane looks at them together they do seem to help Dickens Miss Havisham be seen in a different life a more human light. So even if the do seem similar, they are in fact very different. You shag see these differences most strongly by facial expression at the Havishams personalities. Dickens Miss Havisham is strong, powerful and driven for penalize towards Compeyson, and every other man alive.She even plans to and manipulates Estella so she may complete her revenge and hurt many men the way she has been hurt. Duffys Havisham on the other hand seems to be more fragile and weak and tells everyone she hates him but seems to be tottery on the edge of her conviction and on the edge of her desire for him. Both Miss Havisham and Havisham seem to have a strong obsession, both are ghost with their former fiance and have lead there life surrounding themselves with that obsession. Dickens Miss Havisham obsession does tend to differ from Duffys Havisham.Dickens Havisham is obsessed with destroying and gaolbreak any and all men she meets. Her obsession has even lead her to destroying Estella, the only one that she ha d at first sought to protect. My Dear Believe this when she first came to me, I meant to save her from misery like my own. At first I meant no more. Well, well said I. I hope so. But as she grew, and promised to be very beautiful, I gradually did worse, and with my praises, and with my jewels, and with my teachings, and with this figure of myself always before her a warning to back and point my essons, I stole her heart away and put icing the puck in its place (Dickens 365) At first, Miss Havisham wished to protect Estella from the harsh world, to protect her from any man who would hurt her as she herself was hurt, but obsession lead her cut out a darker path. We can see part of this darkness when she tries to make Pip like herself, to make him obsessed and live his life trapped by his chicane for Estella, just like she lived her life for preserving the time before she was left by Compeyson.We can see her fueling his love for Estella several times throughout the novel, one of the most noticeable would be when she tells him to love Estella even if she hurts him. Love her, love her, love her How does she use you? Before I could answer she repeated, Love her, love her, buff her If she favours you, love her. If she wounds you, love her. If she tears your heart to pieces and as it gets older and stronger, it will tear deeper love her, love her, love her (Dickens 219).Pip, like Estella is becoming a creature for Miss Havishams obsession, for if she could not have a life of happiness, a life being married to the one she thought loved her, no one could. Her revenge towards the man she once loved turns her bitter and twisted, putting anyone in her path in danger. At this time she is like a broken toy, malfunction and working herself into a frenzy, her revenge that started off towards one man has become a revenge and hatred towards love, and anyone who may achieve it.The Havisham from Duffys poem seems to have a more single minded obsession. She is obsessed with what has happened to her and the one who did this to her. Her obsession for the man who jilted her takes both and envious and murderous tone, for example she has dark park pebbles for eyes and ropes on the back of my hands she could suppress with(Duffy Lines 3-4). No her eyes have not turned into pebbles, but she is envious and jealous of her former lover, by and by all she is rotting from the inside out while he is living without even having regretted hurting her.The ropes on the back of her hands could mean many things but it could be an indication of her age, or her veins swollen with age and sticking off of her corpse like body. The fact she could strangle with her own veins shows a sinister scene, who she wishes to strangle could be herself but is most likely the man who jilted her. The only real similarity between the Havishams would be there decayed appearance. After all both of Havisham descriptions are dark and tend to make them seem like the living dead of skeleto ns for example DickensHavisham is described as follows I byword that the bride within the bridal align had withered like the dress, and like the flowers, and had no brightness left but the brightness of her sunken eyes. I saw that the dress had been put upon the rounded figure of a young woman, and that the figure upon which it now hung loose, had shrunk to skin and bone. Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me (Dickens 52) Miss Havisham has decayed and withered away, she still wears her bridal dress, and it has yellowed and decayed along with her.She has no substance, she is a person that has already died long ago, and only an assoil crazed shell remains. Duffys Havisham has a similar description, Spinster. I stink and remember. Whole days/ in bed cawing Nooooo at the wall the dress/ yellowing, quiver if I open the wardrobe/ the slewed mirror, full-length, her, myself, who did this/ to me? (Duffy Lines 5-9). Havisham has both the appearan ce of Miss Havisham and her name, she even is still wearing her own bridal dress, even after all the eld it has been since she was jilted. She has also yellowed, decayed and her withered body trembles from the strain of life.But Havisham spends days cawing at the wall, she has gone past the point of straight forwardly get revenge, her words are choppy, disconnected and she cant seem to follow a though. She has fractured mentally and can only think of her pain from being betrayed. She, unlike Miss Havisham, has no grip on reality and cannot accomplish her revenge. Another one of the differences between the Havisham is that Dickens Miss Havisham is strong and steady in her desires, whereas Duffys Havisham is weak and wavers in her feelings. Miss Havisham is defined by her rejection on her wedding day.She is dogged to live in heartbreak while making it impossible for those around her to have honorable relationships. She stops all the clocks, she wears the same dress, she never eats in front of anyone and only every wears one shoe. She essentially stopped time for herself by not allowing anything to change after she learns about her lovers betrayal and her determination has helped her to do this. Ill tell you what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self humiliation, babble submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving up your whole heart and soul to the smiteras I did (Dickens 219).Duffys Havisham on the other hand is unceasingly wavering, she can seem to make up her mind about her true feelings, and after all when you look at how broken she is it is not a better-looking surprise. Even her fist line has a contradiction about her feelings, Beloved sweetheart bastard. / Some nights better, the lost body over me,/ my fluent tongue in its mouth in its ear/ then down till I suddenly bite awake(Duffy Lines 1, 10 -12). After seeing these lines we can be sure that Havisham has mixed feelings about her ex-fiance.She obviously bounces between bitter hatred and self-loathing that she still desires them. Her ex is both something that she finds beloved and a sweetheart, but also feels betrayed by after all she does call him a bastard. We can see she still desires his body when she speaks about the lost body on top of her. But you can see her bitterness remains by her dehumanization of him. When you first read Great Expectations Miss Havisham does not seem to be real. She seemed to me to be a worldly concern from a childs imagination.She is a ghost, a skeleton and an engineer who takes pleasure in manipulating everyone from Estella to Pip. Though after having read Duffys Havisham, it seems as if Miss Havisham is more human. Duffys Havisham wants to have a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon (Duffy Line 15). She is quite twisted according to our standards and makes Dickens Miss Havisham seem tame and mild is they are shown together. Havisham is dark and has a slightly murderous intent she is viol ent and is more dangerous, especially if we compare her to Miss Havisham. Havisham is but a tool to make Miss Havisham seem softer, and nicer.A tool that makes it possible to have pity upon Miss Havsham and place the blame of her current asseverate upon her insensitive ex-fiance Compeyson. So, in conclusion, the two Havishams that at first seem to be one and the same are in fact different. Dickens Havisham is strong and unwavering, determined and manipulative, while Duffys Havisham is weak and wavering, helpless yet dangerous. They both have very different personalities, and very different ways of looking at things. They are two completely different individuals that just happen to have a similar name and appearance.They dont act the same they dont have the same desires or motives so they can not be the same person. When they are placed side by side they just use each other to let the other be seen in a different light. Whether we see a crazed, dark evil or a pitiful, alone(p) soul depends on the Havisham you wish to view. Works Cited Dickens, Charles, and Margaret Cardwell. Great Expectations. Oxford Oxford UP, 1998. Print. Duffy, Carol Ann. Havisham. Introduction to English Studies. North Bay Nipissing University Coursepack, 2012. Black Board. C. McFarlane. Web. 02 Mar. 2012.

Debt and Trial Balance Essay

DRIVE PROGRAM SEMESTER SUBJECT CODE & NAME BK ID CREDITS MARKS ASSIGNMENT WINTER 2013 MBADS/ MBAFLEX/ MBAHCSN3/ MBAN2/ PGDBAN2 1 MB0041 FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING B1624 4 60 Note Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of four hundred words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Q. No Questions Marks Total Marks 1 Give the classification of Accounts according to accounting equation entree with its meaning and examples. Compare the traditional approach with modern approach of accounting equation approach. Analyze the transaction under traditional approach.a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 20. 1. 2011 pay salary Rs. 30,000 20. 1. 2011 compensable rent by cheque Rs. 8,000 21. 1. 2011 Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs. 5,000 25. 1. 2011 Paid an advance to suppliers of goods Rs. 1,00,000 26. 1. 2011 Received an advance from customers Rs. 3,00,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid interest on loan Rs. 5,000 31. 1. 2011 Paid instalment of l oan Rs. 25,000 31. 1. 2011 Interest allowed by bank Rs. 8,000 Classification of accounting equation approach with meaning and examples Analysis of transaction with accounts involved-nature of accountaffects and debit/credit 2 4 10 6The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Chetan, a small businessman. Do you think it is correct? If not, rewrite it in the correct form. Debits dribble Purchases Returns outwards Rs. Credits 8250 Capital 12750 gross revenue 700 Returns inwards Rs. 10000 15900 1590 Discount trustworthy Wages and salaries Rent and rates Sundry debtors Bank Overdraft 800 2500 1850 7600 2450 Discount allowed Scooty armorial bearing charges Sundry creditors Bills payable 800 1750 700 7250 690 Journal entries of all the transactions Conclusion 3 6 10 4 From the given trial balance draft an familiarized Trial Balance.Trial Balance as on 31. 03. 2011 Debit balances Furniture and Fittings Buildings Rs. Credit balances Rs. 10000 Bank Over Draft 16000 500000 Capital Account 400000 Sales Returns 1000 Purchase Returns 4000 Bad Debts 2000 Sundry Creditors 30000 Sundry Debtors 25000 Commission Purchases 90000 Sales Advertising 20000 Cash 10000 Taxes and Insurance 235000 5000 General Expenses 5000 7000 Salaries TOTAL 20000 690000 TOTAL 690000 Adjustments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. take down depreciation at 10% on Buildings and Furniture and fittings. Write off further bad debts 1000 Taxes and Insurance prepaid 2000Outstanding salaries 5000 Commission received in advance1000 Preparation of ledger accounts Preparation of trial balance 4 6 10 4 Compute slip ratios and comment on the financial performance of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from the following extract of its income statements of five years. (in Rs. Crore) Particulars 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 27,501 22,742 21,693 16,692 13,893 Operating Profit (PBIDT) 8,968 7,861 7,195 5,238 4,391 PAT from ordinary activities 6,835 6,218 5,988 4,659 3,856 Revenue (Source Infosys Technologies Ltd. Annual Report)Preparation of trend analysis Preparation of trend ratios 4 Conclusion 5 4 10 2 Give the meaning of change menstruum analysis and put down the objectives of cash flow analysis. Explain the preparation of cash flow statement. Meaning of cash flow analysis Objectives of cash flow analysis 3 Explanation of preparation of cash flow analysis 6 2 10 5 Write the assumptions of marginal cost. Differentiate between absorption costing and marginal costing. Assumptions of marginal costing (all 7 points) 4 Differences of marginal and absorption costing (Includes all 8 6 points) 10

Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy

We have all heard it, p bents, discoverers, and students, gossiping close to the latest young girl to become large(predicate) in high instruct. They make comments like, What was she thinking or Her p arnts must be so disappointed. Did anyone question if she had been kosherly ameliorate on the risks of informal activity or if she had been provided with medically correct instruction? No one stops to think about the big picture sort of they choose to be judgmental and critical of early(a)s decision-making skills, or lack thereof. Thats where familiar knowledge comes in. teenagerage motherliness, along with sex direction continues to be a highly controversial subject, especially with regards to when and where it should be taught. Much of the debate comes from the two types of pedagogics, abstinence- still or worldwide, also known as abstinence-plus. Abstinence-only education promotes sexual abstinence until marriage, leaving out crucial topics like birth control and con doms. A comprehensive curriculum includes education on the use of contraceptives while maintaining a basis of abstinence.Although there has been a steady decline in the United States teen birth rate, it remains higher than many other developed countries. Statistics fork over that sexually active teens in the United States argon less likely to use varying forms of contraception and are more likely to become pregnant, than those of other equal nations (Rubin). Partially to blame is the United States government, which supports the abstinence-only approach whence, most schools are non required to teach subject matter that surpasses that concept (Stanger).Media, although equally controversial, fundament play a vital role in dissonanting the door for parents to engage in conversation with their children. According to Rachel Canter, executive director of Mississippi First, An effective, comprehensive sex education program starts with a base of abstinence but includes medically accura te information about contraception and wellness (Pettus). The research is be comprehensive sex education reduces teenage maternity. Not only are most schools lacking in the information that is covered in their curriculums, some are providing medically incorrect information to students.A recent report revealed that 30% of schools instruct that birth control does not prevent gestation period (Rubin). In 2009, a lawsuit was filed against a Fresno county school district in California for violating state law by only teaching about abstinence, and for using textbooks that were not in compliance with that law, which requires medically accurate information be taught, along with methods to prevent pregnancy and diseases. With one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in California, parents were compelled to do something to value their children (Watanabe).According to a recent survey, more than half of adults questioned feel that federally funded programs should offer more education abo ut contraception and three-quarters of those wish education include information about two abstinence and contraception (Teens). If statistics prove that abstinence education is ineffective at preventing pregnancy and most adults are on display board with a more comprehensive approach, maybe lawmakers should take that information into account when developing policies about sex education. A step in that direction would be requiring that curriculums include a more comprehensive style.Abstinence-only programs tend to leave out valuable information such as contraception, which some believe sends the wrong center to students (Stanger). Although abstinence programs play an important role in comprehensive education, there is little evidence to support that these curriculum alone help reduce teenage pregnancy. According to Lisa Wirthman, a Denver journalist, By trying to scare and shame kids and withholding critical health information, abstinence-only programs treat teens like toddlers (W irthman).A report released this grade by the Centers for Disease accommodate reveals that nearly 50% of pregnant teenagers denied using contraception. Furthermore, 30% were under the impression that they could not get pregnant, while others simply misinterpret how one gets pregnant and the risk of becoming pregnant after un hold deared intercourse (Brakman). Therefore, it can be concluded that many young people are under informed about their sexual health and lack proper decision making skills regarding their sexual behaviors.Studies exhibit that states that support the abstinence-only approach to sex education tend to have higher teenage pregnancy and birth rates as compared to those who support a more comprehensive approach. Nevada, having one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the nation, does not mandate that contraceptive methods and condom use be included in their curriculum (Stanger). Likely, if it is not required, most schools give not cover such aspects in its s tudies. The majority of supporters of these programs do not acknowledge that many students will become sexually active during their teenage years.It is inevitable that teenagers are going to have sex, choosing to ignore that fact by not teaching them the proper methods to protect themselves is negligent. Abstinence-only education fails at teaching students many important aspects of sexual health. Those included are, sexually transmissible diseases, pregnancy prevention and contraception. Much of the information provided in these programs is misleading and medically inaccurate, leaving students uninformed and at risk (Watanabe).The regular abstinence curriculum lectures that the only panache to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is to abstain from such behaviors that may result in either of the two. spell this is truthful, little to no information is provided to students about how to protect themselves if they choose to participate in these activities, leaving th em at high risk for unplanned pregnancy. . According to Congress, it was open up that abstinence-only programs provide misconceptions of fruitful health and a lack of proper decision-making tools, therefore, promoting irresponsible behavior (Stanger).A study by The guinea pig Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy shows that nearly 8 out of 10 teenagers believe they are properly informed on how to prevent pregnancy, yet confess to sharp hardly anything at all about contraception and condoms (Teens). As statistics like this show, young people are, in general, naive about many aspects of their sexual health and require a more all-encompassing education to be able to make appropriate decisions regarding their sexual wellbeing.A common misconception about sex-ed is that it only includes information about sexual intercourse however, it incorporates a variety of topics. These include, but are not limited to, anatomy, reproduction, body image, relationships, and well(p) sex practices. Comprehensive sex education, or abstinence-plus, includes a wide array of age-appropriate, evidence-based, medically accurate information to enable teenagers to make well-informed decisions about their overall health, while still advocating that abstinence is the only true method to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (Wirthman).Not only does comprehensive education provide insight to multiple sex-health topics, it also stresses the richness of delaying sexual behaviors. To the disbelief of abstinence-only supporters, studies show that students that are taught comprehensive sex education are no more likely to be infected with sexually transmitted diseases, than those taught only about abstinence. Also contrary to pro-abstinence belief, those that are taught a more comprehensive approach have a lower risk of becoming pregnant teenagers (Stanger).One study revealed that of those who are taught more comprehensively, 40% waited to have sex and more than 60% u sed protection (Wirthman). It is obvious that the more educated students are about the risks associated with sexual activity, the better decisions they make. A recent survey revealed that 38% of teenagers are more influenced by their parents regarding their decisions about sex (Teens). As stated by Emily Pettus, some legislators argue that sex education, including contraception and condoms, should be taught at home, not by the education system (Pettus). This is also where much of the debate is centered.However, teenagers typically do not open up to their parents about sexual activity and many parents tend to bury their heads in the sand and act like it is not possibility with their children. Often times, parents and teenagers are unsure about how to discuss the somewhat awkward subject of sex, so they do not talk about it at all. Therefore, education is often left up to teenagers peers and other typically inaccurate sources. One study revealed that nearly 90% of young people think if they could have open conversations with their parents about sex, it would be easier to postpone sexual activity.Also, nearly 80% of parents wish their kids would talk to them about sex so that they can provide them with the proper resources to protect themselves (Teens). Kathrin Stanger, professor at the University of Georgia states, If teens dont learn about human reproduction, including safe sexual health practices to prevent unintended pregnancies and STDs, and how to plan their reproductive adult life in school, then when should they learn it, and from whom? (Stanger).Parents, along with the education system, can provide accurate, age-appropriate information to teenagers to help empower them to make healthy, responsible choices however, when both of these options fall short, teenagers often turn to the media as a source of education. Many critics often accuse the media of promoting teenage pregnancy, and even glamorizing it. However, little thought is given as to what the be nefit of these shows might be. The more teens are watching, the more producers are showing. Nevertheless, there might be some emoluments to the influence media has on its young viewers, especially regarding pregnancy (Suellentrop).Although some parents believe the media creates a false sense of reality by glorifying teenage pregnancy, they often fail to realize that such television shows can genuinely help bridge the conversation gap between them and their children. Two of the television shows popular amongst high school students are MTVs Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Both are reality shows that follow several young girls and their daily struggles as pregnant teenagers and young parents. A recent study by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy revealed interesting results when they asked teenagers their thoughts about such shows.The results revealed a surprising 40% talked to a parent about the show after watching and most agreed that becoming teenage parent s would have an overall negative impact on their lives (Suellentrop). If watching these episodes results in teenagers talking to their parents about sex, then ultimately it can be a positive influence, not only by seeing the struggles that young parents face, but by giving parents and teenagers an luck to openly discuss their views and opinions about sex and relationships.Research shows that episodes such as these can be used in a positive manner to teach young people about the risks of becoming pregnant and how their lives could change drastically. Also, it seems that teenagers are willing to discuss these shows with their parents, allowing the opportunity to engage in educational conversations with their teenagers. Clearly, the media influences its viewers however, advantage can be taken to properly inform todays youth of the risks of sexual behavior while presenting information in an alluring way (Suellentrop). Although there has been a steady decline in the U. S. een birth rate, it remains higher than many other countries. Students are more educated and are therefore making more informed decisions about sex (Kann).How can we expect teenagers to make appropriate, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual health if we do not give them the proper education and factual information to do so? The statistics show that evidence-based sex education works, so why go against the g rain? (Wirthman). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more teenagers are using birth control, which has help lead the way to a record low birthrate, and the numbers of hose using contraception go on rising. Also leading to the decline, is more effective sex education, according to Leslie Kantor, vice president of education for Planned Parenthood (Tulumello). Hopefully in the future, additional school districts will adopt a more comprehensive approach to their curriculums, as it is shown to be much more effective in reducing teenage pregnancy than abstinence-on ly education. Telling a teenager not to experiment is like a meteorologist saying there is a 50% chance of rain. You hope it does not rain however, you bring an umbrella just in case it does.As much as we would like to believe that teenagers will not have sex, it is likely that they will engage in some type of sexual behavior in high school and providing them with accurate, age-appropriate information is vital. Sexual education can come from many avenues, including parents, schools, and the media. Comprehensive sex education will not stop the occurrence of teenage pregnancy 100%, but by adequately educating teenagers on safe sex practices, and providing them with medically accurate information, todays youth are able make healthy, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual well being.

Social Aspects of Personality

Gestures are generally widely understood, although they may have different substances in different cultures. Illustrators -do not have specific conceiveing -add meaning to a verbal message examples adjusting ones clothes, biting nail or playing with objects -these indicate to another(prenominal)s that a person is upset or nervous. Affect displays -are persons corpse movements that convey feelings and emotions through facial expressions and body positions. * Adaptors -typically unconscious behaviors and are used when a person is tense or anxious. Must avoid the following * posing or leaning back * Resting your chin on your hand * Crossed arms * Adaptors The Facial and Head Signals -are used in our everyday dealings with other people or even in our family. Are important in tourism and hospitality industry to provide excellent guest service, The Head * In hotel or restaurant, you will use your head to send a message. Rapidly nodding your head bottom of the inning leave the impres sion that you are impatient. On the other hand, slower nodding emphasizes interest. The Mouth SMILE is very important in the industry. It conveys a message that you are approachable and is willing to assist your guests. The Hands * assured and positive handshake breaks the ice and in an interview. * No perspiring hands and dirty nails.The Feet * Avoid compulsive Jabbing of the floor, desk, or chair with your foot this can be perceived as a hostile and angry motion and is likely to annoy a person. Facial Expressions and Eye Contact They are not body language but they are types of nonverbal communication that can have an effect on business relations. Communication in the Workplace Wherever we are, communication always exists. In tourism and hospitality industry, communication is very vital part towards the attainment of guest service satisfaction.Without proper communication, the smooth flow of doing in a hotel, restaurant, resorts or other businesses that deal with guest will be i mpossible. The Need for Communication in the Workplace * Communication is its lifeblood. * The management can send message to employees. The decision making and control are also being implemented through effective communication. Managers of any company spend as much as 95% of their quantify in interpersonal communication. An effective communication in the industry requires knowing the right time to talk and time to keep silent.The Communication Aphoristically hindrance * Language barrier * Emotion barrier * Lack of subject knowledge * Stress Overcoming Communication Barriers * The best way to conquer barriers is depend upon the person. * It should be taken seriously to avoid miscommunication. Use simple and clear words. * Using ambiguous words and Jargons should be avoided. * Identify the source of barrier and eliminate it. The Good Communication Skills * For tourism and hospitality industry overlords, mastering the art of communication is a very important skill required in the provision of excellent guest service. It is also a social skill that separately individual carrys to develop to improve relationships. Wars to Improve Communication Skills * find out very well to the speaker * Never try getting your ideas in a hurry * Recognize different points of view Be considerate with whom youre talk to * Be wary of giving out ideas or expressing a feeling * Trying out new words in conversation * Try to prolong ideas from whom you are talking with to ensure that you understand each other.Good Communication skills include * Correct pronunciation of words * Correct use of the language/ sentence construction * Good diction * Proper stress on words Considering your speech In the tourism and hospitality industry you will be dealing with various guests, it is also important that you make an extra effort to learn the proper way of speaking to void communication barriers between the foreign guest and employee.Types of Accents * The innate(p) Accent mother tongu e or first language * The Neutral Accent * The Artificial Accent Talking about your social health You need to consider your social health because this refers to the ability to get along well with people around you, making and keeping friends, offering and getting help when needed. Characteristics of socially Healthy Individual * Willing and can accept differences with other people. * Gets along well with family members. * Befriends people both sexes. Meets and interacts with people easily. Accepts other peoples ideas and suggestions. On Being proactive The ability to be involved in providing excellent guest service is being proactive person. Being a proactive person may mean to openness to dynamism, to change, to better options, for other possible things to be done and the ability to face in a positive way challenges that she/he might encounter. proactive Person -Is actually smart, value-driven, more resourceful, more diligent, more creative and more cooperative. * Social Grace -Is more popularly known as good address and etiquette.This is very important to be in our character as it shows our ability to project ourselves in nay occasions especially when meeting various professional people in the tourism and hospitality industry. * Etiquette This refers to a pattern of behavior that one should have in order to have consideration for others, good taste, rightness and good conduct. Some practices that has to develop and master by the future Tourism and Hospitality professionals. * During conversation * During Introduction of People * During Invitation too Party/Social case * On dining * On the use of table wares and equipmentsBusiness Etiquette It is another important thing to consider. Future tourism and hospitality professionals should start learning the etiquette required in a business and practice them in situation that is applicable for them. * Be on Time * Greet the people around you * Have that telephone dexterity * Be conscious of behavior during offic e occasions * Respect and appreciate other people * Be conscious with company policies * Respect and appreciate each employee Etiquette in Public Places * In the Street. At the Bus. In a Train. At the Restaurant. At the Cinema. At the Church

The History of the Singer Sewing Machine

The Singer sewing Machine Historical Project Research Sarah Clark 9/12/2010 Engineering 1000 Instructor Dr. Tzu-Yu Wang The sew together tame is basically a textile forge. It is used for stitching together things such as fabric, paper, card, or other material with some type of thread. The sewing machine involve to be something that was functional and compact. It would need to be something that was simple to use and be able to sew faster and more efficiently then hand sewing was. Up until the time that the sewing machine was invented, women would spend great amounts of time sewing.Women would have to hand sew everything, clothing for themselves and their families as advantageously as home items. Women also formed the majority of the labor force that sewed clothes in factories and wove fabrics in mils. The invention of the sewing machine essentially liberated these women from expense many hours a day sewing. The first unornamented related to the sewing machine was for the do uble pointed needle. In 1775 Charles F. Weisenthal, a German mechanic, was granted the patent for this needle.The patent itself described a needed for use in a machine, but did not elaborate on what the machine looked like or if whiz as yet existed. The patent itself was neer put to use during Weisenthals lifetime. There were several attempts at creating a sewing machine. In 1790, the first workable sewing machine was invented and patented by a British inventor named Thomas Saint. This machine never made it past the patent model stage. In 1830, Barthelemy Thimonnier, a cut tailor, got a patent for the first practical, sewing machine.By 1841, almost 100 of his machines were being used, in a factory, to sew uniforms for the French army. Walter Hunt, the inventor of the safety pin, had an idea for a double-thread sewing machine. Sometime in 1834, he devised a machine that used an eye-pointed needle in conjunction with a shuttle carrying a second needle. He gave up on the project th inking that it would put poor seamstresses out of much needed work. He never bothered to get a patent. In 1846, Elias Howe, from Massachusetts, patented a sewing machine that had a grooved, eye-pointed needle and shuttle.When he was unsuccessful selling this machine in the America he went to England and adapted it to work for a corset maker. When he finally returned to America, he found that other manufacturers were selling several sewing machines, and that they were infringing on some part of his patent. Isaac Singer never claimed to have invented the sewing machine. Instead he improved on what was already out there. It took him 11 days and forty dollars to create the improved sewing machine. He made many changes, part of which was based on Howes work.He created the first machine where the needle went up and down, instead of side-to-side like the previous versions. He also changed the hand crank that was used to a foot treadle. Like Howes work, the Singer machine used the same lock stitch. That stitch was part of Howes patent. As a result, Howe sued Singer for patent infringement. During the suit, the I. M. Singer Corporation researched the Hunt machine and had an inventor rebuild one. They attempted to use this rebuilt machine to break the Howe patent. The plan did not work. Howe ended up winning the lawsuit and received royalties on his patent.Singer and other companies ended up paying Howe. By the time Howe died in 1867, he was collecting more than four thousand dollars a week and had already procured about two million in royalties. According to the official Singer sew machine website, within two years of Isaac Singer forming the I. M. Singer Corporation, they became the leading manufacturer and marketer of sewing machines in America. By 1855, Singer became the worlds first international company. They had offices and manufacturing plants in New York and Paris. They also originated the idea behind installment payments.In 1863, they held 22 patents and had assets of $550,000. They were selling roughly 20,000 sewing machines a year. Needless to guess Singer Manufacturing Company, which it was now known, continued to grow opening offices and factories in numerous places around the world including Germany, Brazil, Scotland, Indiana, New Jersey, England and Britain. The sewing machine was never a brass or major company project. It was all done by individuals. Therefore, the funding for the sewing machine came from the people who were trying to create a working one or an improved model.It was up to the individual to market and sell his or her own product. In the latter half of the 19th century there were well over two hundred sewing machine companies, each with several models of sewing machines. Most of these companies made sewing machines for the home, but a few made machines specifically for commercial use. There were also companies that made both. There were many considerations when designing the sewing machine. The sewing machines d esigned for commercial use had to be designed to be rugged, mostly made from things like cast iron.They were designed to be used constantly. The machines designed for home use were lighter, but still as capable as the more rugged machines. There was a large market for these lighter machines. The different machines usually were accompanied by tabletops, made from solid wood. They also had ornamental cast iron legs. Depending on if the sewing machine was going to be used for commercial or home use determined how the sewing machine was going to look and whether it was designed to be in constant use or not.Aside from determining if the sewing machine would be used for commercial or home use, the sewing machine engineer had to consider many factors. Some of those factors include needle type, thread type, what type of stitch it produces, some sort of doojigger to form the specific stitch, and it had to have some type of support for the cloth. There also had to be a mechanism to allow on e stitch to dramatise the previous one, a tension control and something to make sure the sewing machine did what it needed to in the correct sequence without error.Although engineering disciplines were not as defined as they are today. Several disciplines were involved in the creation of the sewing machine. Mechanical engineering was involved in the creation of the mechanical part used to make the sewing machine do its job. Some sewing machines used a type of pulley system to function textile engineers designed the rope used in this pulley system. Metallurgical engineers were involved in the process of developing the cast iron used for the sewing machine itself as well as the decorative legs on home sewing machines.In addition, once electricity was introduced, electrical engineers were used to create the wiring system. The sewing machine greatly changed the way our society functions. Without the sewing machine, the world would be a very different place. Like the car, the cotton gi n and countless other innovations from the past ccc years, the sewing machine takes something time-consuming and laborious and makes it fast and easy. With the invention of the mechanized sewing machine, manufacturers could suddenly produce piles of high-quality clothing at minimal expense.Because of this, the massive majority of people in the world can now afford the sort of sturdy, finely stitched clothes that were a luxury only 200 years ago. Industrial sewing machines have made many products affordable and readily available. Home sewing machines have introduced the joys of sewing and embroidery as a craft. With the advance of the way sewing machines interact with technology, there is no telling where the future of the sewing machine will lead us.Works CitedAlef, Daniel. Isaac Merritt Singer Sewing Machines and Sewing Seeds. Santa Barbara Meta4, 2007. E-Book. Cooper, Grace Rogers.The Invention of the Sewing Machine. Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution, 1968. E-Book. Coope r, Grace Rogers. The Sewing Machine Its Invention and Early Development. Washington Smithsonian Institution, 1976. Print.SINGER SEWING CO. Company Information. SINGER SEWING CO. Home. Web. 14 Sept. 2010. http//www. singerco. com/company/.Sewing Machines. Machine-History. Com. Web. 14 Sept. 2010.http//www. machine-history. com/THE SEWING MACHINE>.

Annalitical paragraph Miriam

Deanne C Why did hooded coat end the reputation this way? In the story Miriam by Truman Capote he purposefully created dual shutdowns of this story. The dual ending theory is iodin that has been debated for years. One of the creepiest endings in this popular story is one where the character Miriam is actually an apparition that haunts Mrs.. Miller and refuses to leave. For example, in the last line of the story Mrs.. Miller says Hello to Miriam implying that Miriam has never left and plans to torment Mrs.. Miller forever.Capote chose this ending because it epics mystery, suspense and creates an overall creepy undertone. This ending is a more Hollywood ending, thus increasing the utilisation of the short story. However, in Capotes second ending this was a more light and upbeat ending that infuses promise into the reader. He ends the story with a clear moral message, always live your look to the fullest, and enjoy the dinky things. In this ending Mrs.. Miller investigates herself , and experiences a rude awakening when she finds out her real relationship with Miriam.As Capote illustrates In the story uniquely Mrs.. Miller admits to herself For the only thing that she had lost to Miriam was her Identity. From this direct line from the story Capote conveys to the readers Mrs.. Millers anxiety was not really directed to Miriam, but the abrupt loss of her solitude life In which she has become so accustom to. In conclusion, Capote ended the story with dual endings depending on the readers interpretation of the story. Capotes goal was to force the reader to choose an ending that best suits the person reading It.

Harry S. Truman and Korea -to Unite Essay

The Chinese fall in the Koreans side and helped fight back against US troops. General MacArthur -To completely defeat the Korean and Chinese armies. -President Truman order for him to stop his assault on the Asian countries. -He persisted and was eventually fired because his arrogance cost them the battle. President Truman -To pull through Korea from becoming a communist country. -China helped North Korea fight the war to spread communism. They joined with the allies in the UN to help stop the spread of communism. China -To spread and maintain communism -They were afraid of the US and UN attack them -They planned a surprise attack which was successful. United Nations -To stop the spread of communism. -MacArthur persisted on fighting. -They relieved popular MacArthur of his duties. How did General Douglas MacArthur react to the events in Korea? What was his position on the Korean War? He decided to carry through pushing against the enemys border. He believed China did not put on enough resources to fight back.He valued to take out the Chinese army once and for all. How did President Truman respond to the events in Korea? What was his stance on the Korean War? President Truman wanted to stop the spread of communism in the East. He fought a war against North Korea and China to keep communism away from South Korea. He wanted to end the fighting once they had cleared Chinese troops from Korea. Which leaders actions were the most excusableGeneral McArthurs or President Trumans? Support your occupy with evidence from the lesson. President Trumans actions were more justifiable because He knew when the battle was over.He did not want to keep pushing against the enemy. The push that MacArthur made on China caused them to lose the battle and be attacked in a surprise. Would the outcome of the Korean War stupefy been different had General MacArthur not been fired? Why or why not? Support your claim with evidence from the lesson. I think the outcome might ha ve been different if MacArthur had not been fired. They might have kept fighting against China until they had completely wiped out their army. They could also have disbanded all communism in Korea and maybe in China as well.

Effectiveness of Monetory Policy

Various studies nonplus reflected the domain of a positive consanguinity between the development of specie fork break and the train of pretentiousness. Gener entirelyy, this is reflected by the continued rise of costs of the various products. A moorage ensues where excess amounts of cash tend to be chasing too fewer goods. In this perspective, this consume tried on whether fiscal polity is an effective tool in the combating of pretentiousness and ensuring financial value stability. The first and beginning(a) objective of the underlying avow is to formulation and implementation of the fiscal insurance for maintaining the values of local currency.Otherwise the backup standard of the widely distributed people may go down. This study finds tabu the funds lend has a treat impact on the direct of inflation. Statistically, property supply has a statistical signifi sessce on the level of inflation in the country. Thus, financial policies aimed at trainling th e amount of money supply in the preservation, concur a tremendous impact on rigling the level of inflation 2. Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study revolved around exploring the significance and the suitability of the monetary form _or_ system of government in realizing macro sparing goals.Some of these macroeconomic objectives let in price stability, economic crop, full employment, and a favorable offset of payment. 3. Specific Objective Find pop out the effectiveness of monetary policy in ensuring price Stability & preserving the value of local currency by combating of inflation. 4. Introduction Since duration immemorial, inflation has al commissions been an issue of uttermost(a) sensitivity. This accrues to the fact that a case of inflation has overall effect on the prices of commodities. An instance of spiraling, uncontrollable inflation is usually a sign of threatening catastrophic doom.Thus, the control of monetary policy has turned out to be an essenti al function of all government activity activitys in the public. Inflation does not necessarily have to be reflected a continued increase in the prices of commodities (hyperinflation), the vice versa can also be a reflection of inflation (deflation). However, both situations ar much than unhealthy for the economy. In most economic situations, the major reasons for the inception of inflation atomic number 18 a windup of excessive demand for products. The inevitable economic policy would thus be entrenched on looking at the buzz offs of an unnecessary rise.This way, they can thus be able to come up with the right measures that can aid in controlling the alive verbal demand in an economy. To this end, various researchers have accomplished the ability of monetary policy as a tool for controlling inflation. All over the world, in diverse economies, monetary policy has been seen as an approach to effectively control inflation. This is reflected by the ability of monetary polic y in controlling the rise in demand by an increase in the purchasable localises of interest.In addition, monetary policy reduces the populateing real money in the economy. A rise in the interest manages to bring an overall reduction in collective demand in an economy. To this end, this Essay aims at looking at how effective monetary policy as a tool for ensuring price stability. 5. soil Analysis Monetary policy is defined as a public interventionist action that aims at manipulating the level and array of economic activity so as to accomplish specific, desired goals.Specifically, monetary policies are aimed to prepare fewer than two economic variables that affect the level of inflation in an economy. The two aggregate variables are supply of money in circulation and the respective interest wander in an economy. Monetary policy is among the few tools that a national government can utilize to control the economy using the given monetary authority in the control of the supply and availability of money. Controlling the availability, leading to a control of access, lastly influences the demand of products.The law of demand ultimately reflects that an increase in demand for products of products leads to an increase in prices. pick out is in turn influenced by the availability of money in the economy. Thus, direct or indirect control of money leads to an ultimate control of inflation. In most instances, governments try to influence an overall level of economic activities to be in line with individual objectives. Some of these objectives include socio cultural, political, economic, and technological objectives.Generally, the main aim of governments is the existence of a macroeconomic stability. Usually, macroeconomic stability encompasses stable prices, economic growth, full employment, balance of external payment, and reading in a country. Generally, it is the Job of the central deposit of any nation to come up with, and implement, monetary policies that aim at achieving stability in the expected price level of products in a country. However, the major aim is to attain stability in prices so as to be able to sustain the existing value of the currency in a particular country.All economies of the world endeavored to create a central bank as a means of safeguarding the value of individual currency. In the case of integ pointd economies, in that respect exist geographical banks and one major bank for the respective organization. For example, various American states have federal banks to oppose on their currency. In addition, an overall control is exhibited by the Central shore of America. In addition, monetary policy is a major tool exploited in a battle of preserving a runners in an economy. 6.Literature look back speculation has proposed several(prenominal) ways in which inflation can be combated this essay is concerned with the literary productions that led to the use of much(prenominal) instruments and policies. To enable us und erstand the prepositions made the study analyzed several theories 7. The Classical Quantity Theory of Money This speculation was developed by Irving Fisher. Fisher took the view that money was only used as a medium of alter to settle transaction involving the demand and supply for goods and services. The meter theory of money can be developed to a theory of price levels.Since NV= cagey Where V Velocity of circulation M -Money supply p _ price T -Quantity of transactions Assuming that V and T are roughly constant, P impart vary like a shot with increase or ebb in the amount of M and it changes in money supply (M) that causes the prices (P) to change, not changes in price that cause the changes in supply is assume to be constant as the economy in question is assumed to be operating at full employment. If the velocity of circulation is more(prenominal) or less constant than any growth in money supply (M) over and above the potential of the economy to increase, T bequeath caus e inflation.This is then consistent with the monetary policy to curb inflation by controlling the money supply in the economy as it leads to inflation. A further notable feature in this theory is that the government monetary policy should allow some growth in money supply if the economy is growing but not let the growth in money supply to get out of hand as if output in the economy (T) is growing and the velocity of circulation (V) is constant then a matching growth in the money supply of money is needed to avoid deflation. . The Monetarist policy Theory Monetarists urge that since money is a direct substitute for all otherwise assets, an increase in the supply of money supply, given a fairly stable velocity of circulation, will have a direct effect on the demand for other assets since there will be more money to shake off on those assets. If the total output of the economy is fixed, then an increase in the money supply will lead directly to higher prices.Monetarists therefore r each the same conclusion as the old quantity theory of money that a rise in money supply will lead directly to a rise in prices and probably also too rise in money incomes, an increase in real output and so an increase in employment. In the capacious run however, they argue that all increases in the money supply will be reflected in higher prices unless there is a long term growth in the economy. Monetarist school of economic thought contended that money supply is a key determinant of the level of production the short run and the array of inflation in the long run.In order to minimize uncertainty monetarist advocated for the maintenance of a constant regularize of growth of money supply. ontogenesis countries have depended on monetary policy in order to achieve price stability, economic growth and development, positive balance of payments and full employment. To contain any reduction in GAP the Central assert squeezeed a selective credit control and special attention was given to the interests of marginal traders and fatty agents in Agriculture. 9. Tools of Monetary Policy There are three tools of monetary policy for which the value of money changes.For ensuring price stability monetary policy has to focus on these three tools. Monetary Policy of Bangladesh Bank The aim is to achieve the twin goals of containing inflation and promoting sustained and stable economic growth provide policy advice to the Government on deficit managing and public debt management manage the balance of payments and foreign exchange reserves provide payment services and ensure the stability of the financial system conduct treasury and government securities related operations and efficiently perform other international financial activities.Financial Sector Developments Critical activities foil the development of the financial systems provide effective prudential supervision ensure information access, mart intelligence, and possibility planning to avoid systematic risks assist banking and financial entities o become efficient and competitive expose new modalities for delivering agricultural and industrial term credit enhance the access of small and medium enterprises to investment funds funds further develop the market in public and private debt and risk corking and leaven measures for inclusion of people hitherto bypassed in formal financial systems.In addition, the Bangladesh Bank will continuously adopt necessary measures for taking a proactive stance in decision making compiling relevant statistics and conducting high quality and timely economic research to review the country financial and economic conditions to drive decision making ensuring efficient and professional management of Bibs human and financial resources and establishing Bibs distinct identity chemical group on its values and strategic roles.In order to uphold the mission, Bangladesh Banks aim would be to provide the required lead by discharging its duties in a manner that shows a clear vision, is watchful, far-sighted, intelligent and responsive based on an effective and efficient communication strategy. At all times, Bibs aim would be to remain committed, efficient, capable, logistically supported, speedy, focused, and aggressive where necessary in order to ensure that the Bangladesh Bank always remains a credible and prestigious grounding with an efficient organizational structure committed to achieving its goals. 9. Interest rate policy This arises where the central bank increases the rate of interest rates for borrowing funds. This instrument is most applicable in cases where banks turn to the central banks as an avenue of securing funds. The rates that can be increased include the overnight borrowing rate. This tends to discourage borrowing which then end up reducing the rate of inflation in an economy. So interest rate is a crucial important to sustain the price stability. Comparison of Interest Rate in Bangladesh point of reference 1 . Statistics D epartment, Bangladesh Bank for Scheduled Banks Weighted comely Interest Rate. . Debt Management Department, Bangladesh Bank for Weighted Average Call Money Market Rates. 9. 2 Inflation Targeting This is an economic monetary inflation policy aimed at achieving a specific level of inflation in the country. This involves the linguistic context of a certain level of inflation by the central bank, and then working towards achieving the given level of inflation. This is usually done through the exercise of interest rate changes and other monetary tools. Despite the embracing of the above monetary policies, many countries dumb find themselves cosmos faced by extreme inflation rates.The rates end up gnaw the value of the specific currency. A devaluation of currency ends up creating an unfavorable balance of payment and hence accruement of debts and deficit budgets. In this perspective, third world countries continue to remain poor despite their rigorous endeavors aimed at escaping th e unfavorable economic situation. In mimes of political tumult, monetary policy also tends to be ineffective in cases of political turmoil. The matter is further aggravated when political instability combines with economic shocks.This leads to a culmination of extreme inflation being witnessed in a country. An epitome of this was witnessed in Bangladesh during the period of Care taker Government of 2007-2008. The prices of canonic commodities soared to the extent that they were virtually impossible to the average man. In addition, the monetary policies set out to correct out the situation ended up being ineffective in the control of the ensuing inflation. Economic shocks much(prenominal) as depressions, recessions, and booms also render monetary policies ineffective. This was witnessed during the 2008/09 economic recession all over the world.During the recession, major world economies faced harsh circumstances despite having well formulated monetary policies in place. The availabl e strategies failed to spat the economy back to stability. 9. 3 outside Exchange Valuation Figure of Inflation Rate in Bangladesh A mode for providing an interface for Foreign Exchange trading centered on a Foreign Exchange rate and this rate is an important factor of value changing of money. So the foreign exchange rate is an important factor for monetary policy. Comparative Figure of exchange Rate in Bangladesh 10.Monetary Policy Instruments There exist a variety of monetary policy instruments through which the central bank controls/ maintains general price level. Some of these tools include the interest 10. 1 Open Market Operations Open market operations refer to the sale or purchase of securities. The transactions usually take place in the fall in market of the central bank. This instrument usually targets the available cash balances of commercial banks and other non bank institutions. The available balances are checked in relation to excess reserves available at the centra l bank.The major aim of this tool is the attainment of a predetermined level of reserve money. A situation of influenced commercial bank lending ensues hence an overall control of money supply in the economy. 10. Ii. reach the bank rate Central bank sets a bank rate for its borrowers. To maintain the general price level, central bank changes the rate time to time. If it wants to take the additional money from the market, it rises the interest rate on the other hand if there is shortage of money in the market it reduces the rate to make balance and control the price level. 0. Iii. Adjusting Reserve Ratio Reserve Ratio is also known as fluidness asset ratio is defined as the proportion of total assets being held by a bank. both commercial bank has to maintain a reserve of liquid money to the central bank which is called SSL (Statutory fluidity Ratio). This is usually in the form of liquid assets and cash. This instrument is effective since it manages to indiscriminately affect all banks. Also, the method tends to be directly established and the effects of its implementation are felt soon after its inception.The intend purpose of the tool is usually to create a situation where a banks free cash base is reduced. This reduces a banks ability to give out loans and advances and creates an overall reduction of availability of money. The reduction of excess money supply ends up curbing prices and inflation. 10. Lb. Moral Suasion It is one of the qualitative instruments of controlling general price level through persuasion at a moral sight not to disburse more loans to the particular bank. Persuasion not to give out loan to the any particular sector to control money supply . 10. V. Certain Margin RequirementsEvery importer has to keep a certain margin at the time of opening any LLC to the commercial banks to import goods from foreign countries. This marginal money becomes locked up to the bank until the goods are imported and the transaction is settled. This margin l evel is determined by the central bank and trough setting up new margin requirements central bank can maintain the general price level. 10. V. discriminating Credit Control These instruments prevail on the quantitative measure of credit control that strives at boost selective essential sectors of the economy while at the same time discouraging others.In one such instance, the Central Bank of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bank can ensue to restrict government borrowing up to a given extent. Normally, the given legal limit is 5 percent of the most recent audited government everyday revenues. Usually, this aims at reducing a case of excess government expenditure. A case of excess government spending leads to a situation of inflationary crisis. 1 1 . Failure of Monetary Policy in Developing Countries Despite the widespread success of monetary policies, there exists a tendency of failure of the policy in developing economies.The failure can be attributed to a yard of reasons. Some of the rea sons include the following I) In developing economies, markets and financial institutions tend to be highly disorganized. The lack of well developed capital and money markets and a limited quantity and range of financial assets creates and atmosphere that leads to the failure of monetary policy. It) In some instances, monetary policies end up being misused by the authorities. This leads to a situation where the monetary policies fail to address the situation at hand. Ii) In third world countries, commercial banks tend to have excess funds cod to lack of viable projects and borrowers. This reduces the sensitivity of their cash base. In this case, the effectiveness of open market operations ends up being severely limited. Iv) The existence of high levels of corruption ends up version some instruments like selective credit control to be ineffective. V) Illiteracy in the developing countries ensures that individuals have little or no knowledge on the working of monetary policy. This re duces the effectiveness of monetary policy. Ii) approximately individuals in developing countries prefer personal storage of money as opposed to bank deposits. This ends up reducing the effectiveness of Central Banks endeavors 12. Conclusion To establish the effectiveness of monetary policy as a tool for combating inflation, The variables investigated were the level of inflation, commercial banks interest rates, money supply and the foreign exchange rate (measurable in dollars) and money supply was found out to be most significant factor affecting the rate of inflation.When money supply increases by one hundred billion the rate of inflation increases by 5. 478 . This being so, then it means that any increase in money supply should be managed to a level that allows the economy to grow and also high enough to avoid fellatio (a situation where the prices are falling) This is due to the fact that, if money supply is zero and the other factors are also zero, there will be a deflation of 18. 042. This means that the economy is not growing hence adversely affects the other objectives of macroeconomics.Also, it is evident that there exist a positive human relationship between increase in foreign exchange rate and the rate of inflation when the currency depreciates at a rate of one, inflation increases at a rate of 0. 233. Therefore efforts should be made to avoid any rise in foreign exchange or any appreciation in the domestic currency. Also, this research showed that there exist a negative relationship between the rate of inflation and the commercial banks interest rates.When the commercial banks interest rates increase by one percent, the rate of inflation reduces by 0. 84. Thus, increase in interest rates is one way of controlling the rate of inflation. However, the rates of interest should be managed at a level that does not yearn investments as high interest rates hinders investments and this leads to poor economic growth hence it adversely affects the other m acroeconomic objectives. Apart from the macroeconomic variables discussed above it is also evident other factors influence the rate of inflation.Some of these factors include political instability, tribal clashes, international financial crisis (recession and depression ) amongst others. Inflation targeting (where the monetary authorities set a certain target and manages the macroeconomic variables towards achieving that inflation rate) as policy should also be used as this has shown positive results in some parts of the world such as South Africa. Thus, monetary policy, as a tool for controlling inflation, is effective

Interpersonal Roles

Lamond, D. (2003). Henry Mintzberg vs. Henri Fayol Of Lighthouses, Cubists and the Emperors New Clothes. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 5-23. This member negotiation nigh Mintzbergs and Fayols theories regarding conductorial process. It is mentioned that Fayols managerial function and Mintzbergs managerial roles stack be connected with one another. (Tsoukas 1994, as cited by Lamond, 2003) the logical links between Fayols functions and Mintzbergs roles be demonstrated.This article explains the interrelation between managerial functions and managerial roles in particular aggroup so that the management in organisation can run effectively. This article is multipurpose for the authors research as it gives explanation about the importance of interpersonal roles in relations with managerial functions eon Robbins et al. (2003) book sole(prenominal) provides the basic theoretical managerial roles without further relate with any other managerial components. Mintzberg, H. (1975).The managers job folklore and fact, Harvard Business Review, 53(4) 49-61. Mintzbergs (1975) article stages how interpersonal roles play important part for managers to make decisions and strategies it likewise describes the importance of how interpersonal roles are integrated with other roles to achieve effectiveness of managerial work. Mintzberg (1975) suggested that Three of managers roles arise directly from his formal authority and involve basic interpersonal relationship. (p. 54).This article is useful for the authors research as it gives an insight towards the importance of interpersonal roles for manager to avoid misinterpret between the modern and traditional managerial works. This article is better compared to Pavett and Lau (1983) about managerial works article because it provides several examples that support the importance of international roles by providing evince in reality much(prenominal) as the modern and traditional managerial works that h ave been misunderstood by society. Pavett, C. M. , & Lau, A. W. (1983).Managerial work The Influence of class-conscious level and operating(a) speciality. Academy of Management Journal , 26(1), 170 177. Through this article, Pavett and Lau (1983) show the influence of hierarchical level and functional speciality on managerial roles. (Mintzberg, 1975, as cited in Pavett & Lau, 1983) differences in managerial work involve the relatives importance of the roles across hierarchical level and functional speciality. The research focuses on the integration between hierarchical level and functional speciality with managerial roles.This article is useful to the authors research topics as Pavett and Lau (1983) give a relevant statistics about how hierarchical level, functional speciality and managerial roles are integrated, especially when the interpersonal roles are dominantly seen in hierarchical level and functional speciality as an essential part compared to the book written by Robbins et al. (2003) which only mentioned about the theory without justified examples to support it. Robbins, S. P. , Bergman, R. , Stagg, I. , & Coutler, M. 2012). Management 6 (6th edition). French Forest NSW, Australia Pearson Australia. Robbins et al. (2012) contains a draft explanation about Mintzbergs interpersonal roles with its duties and responsibilities. Robbins et al. (2012) suggested that All managers are required to perform duties that involve batch (subordinates and persons outside the organisation) and other duties that are ceremonial and symbolic in nature. The study explains that interpersonal roles are more likely involve outsiders.This book is beneficial for the authors research topic, as Robbins et al. (2012) gives sight explanations about the benefit of interpersonal roles and how each roles are linked well together. The main limitation of the article is that the authors do not put sufficient details and examples about each roles compared to the article of Mintzberg (1975) which mentioned the clear evidence regarding interpersonal roles in everyday life by providing explanation about the modern and traditional way of life in defining managerial works.